Cost Leadership Strategy Business Comparison

Cost attractorship Strategy Business similarityIdentify two very different brasss that compete on a cost egestership outline and explain how they do this, i.e. find aside(a) what they do that enables them to keep their prices low.IntroductionWhat is difference between handler and a leader? This is a question that asked more(prenominal) than whizz and answered in umteen sorts. The big difference between manager and a leader is they move peoples who incline or follow them. By the way , many peoples be act in both qualitys , they absorb the vigilance jobs, that they exculpate that they can not acquire heart ,especi solelyy follow them down a diffcult path, and so act as leaders too.1.1 ManagerManagement which is the organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in chance onment of define objectives. A Manager is the person responsible for planning and directing the work of a group of individuals, monitori ng their work, and taking corrective action when necessary. Managers encounter a position of indorsement vested in them by the telephoner, and their subordinates work for them and generally do as they be told.As a manager, in all his work within the scope are under the management and administrative. Managers are paid to get things done, they are subordinates too, often within tight constraints of cartridge holder and money. They thus of course pass on this work focus to their subordinates. report under the administrator is qualified for all work and maintain, without change. As a manager in the management all structures and transcriptions are oriented. All the positions are set by the system, and work is also to go along with the system. In the management system, managers are being controlled, including time, work, and salary. In other way , the manager learn to focus on bottom line and control the fat the attention of all the work off the assembly line. Leadership is m iddling one important component of the directing function. A manager cannot except be a leader, he also needs formal authority to be effective. For any quality initiative to blast hold, senior management moldiness be involved and act as a role model. This involvement cannot be delegated.1.2 LeaderLeadership which is academics affirm great encumbrance in defining what a leader is, or pinpointing the reason back tooth an organisations success. A leader who impact the realization of a goal to achieve a group of people. A leader by its meaning is one who goes first and leads by example, so that others are motivated to follow him. This is a basic requirement. To be a leader, a person must slang a deep-rooted commitment to the goal that he de while extend to achieve it even if nobody follows him.As a leader, should have mod ideas and the establishment of a management system without having to be free of innovation. And this will improve a leaders ability.When a leader of the freed om of reaping and development. Leader development focuses on the development of the leader, such as the personalised attributes desired in a leader, desired ways of behaving, ways of sentiment or feeling. The other set of behaviors is referred to as people-oriented style, where the leader provides a more supportive role in providing a positive work environment. In a group where all the members do not allow the system to be controlled, the development of all are free. And all the members are relying on trust to maintain. Besides , as a leader need take care of his own group and motivate the group. The leaders salutary need to focus on the horizon members only and teach the horizon members to lead their own groups. This will lead the team with team spirit.1.3 Manager and LeaderManagers think incrementally, whilst leaders think radically. Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. This means that managers do things by the book and follow company policy, while leade rs follow their own intuition, which whitethorn in work out be of more benefit to the company. A leader is more horny than a manager . Men are governed by their emotions rather than their give-and-take . This quotation illustrates why teams choose to follow leaders. Leaders stand out by being different. They question assumption and are suspicious of tradition. They undertake out the truth and invent decisions based on fact, not prejudice. They have a preference for innovation.A leader is someone who people naturally follow through their own choice, and managers must comply. A manager whitethorn only be passed to give the company time and the power of the true to their own position, not because of his leadership results. A leader may not have organizational skills, but his vision of the people rally hind end him.1.4 ConclusionManagement and leadership are two different ways organizations. Managers use a formal, rational method, and the use of the leaders of the enthusiasm and stimulated emotions. William Wallace is a good example of a wise leader, but must not be considered manager.2.0 IntroductionOperating a successful moving in strategy is based. But there are, of course, different types of crinkle strategy. Among one of the business strategy is cost leadership strategy. Companies choose cost leadership strategies strange features or customer can accept the relatively measuringized product. In other words, with the lowest levels of differentiation and the lowest price competitive. Companies want to be a cost leadership strategy the following must be maintained at lower costs, create value for our customers ongoing efforts to fundament success.2.1 Mass MarketMass trade is product advertising level best exposure to consumers. This is opposite to where the idea of niche markets and sell products is to promote a specific target market. The target market is identified through interrogation as the most likely to buy a product to consumers part of. M ass marketing also operating the business with products caters for all or public which sell considerably catchpenny(prenominal) in the perception of consumers. yield a look in a example that Ramly burger and Macdonald burger , Ramly burger is cheaper than Macdonald burger because Ramly burger just a normal tiny business and Ramly burger just only can buy in Malaysia. Macdonald more valuable because it is an international networking business and their cost is higher(prenominal) , some more need register trademarks and a circularise of fair play enforcements stuffs to protect their rights. Besides , Macdonald is one of the top global brands, branding is big-ticket(prenominal) need a lot of constant advertising.In other way , how does the Ramly burger to keep their price low? By reducing cost , Ramly burger no need to actually rent a land or twist to sell , just need to place at a wayside stall to sell it. The supplier also will be cheaper and this read all the cost lower alre ady. Ramly burger dint provide a good enviroment for customers just at the roadside , so the cost will reduce too. close to more , Ramly burger no need to register trademarks and a lot of jurisprudence enforcement stuffs so their cost will be lower. Besides , process for make the burger is easier and hot also , customers just need to wait about hardly a(prenominal) minutes only. Ramly burger provided a good services such as faster ,cheaper and easier.2.2 Niche MarketNiche market focus on a small population, but specific and clear of all marketing segments. Niches do not exist, but create to determine the needs, desires and not being communicate or not by other companies, and develop and deliver goods or services to meet their requirements. Niche market operating with products cater for a particular segment of consumers which sell at considerably cheap but premium in the perception of consumers. As a strategy, niche marketing is aimed at being a big look for in a small pond ins tead of being a small fish in a big pond. For example , Old townspeople chocolate Shop and Starbucks Coffee Shop , even though Starbucks more expensive than Old Town but still have many peoples volition to pay the premium price for the Starbuckss umber. Starbucks more famous than Old Town , can be compare with the brand. Then, Starbucks provide internet access and punter enviroment compare with Old Town. Old Town cheaper than Starbucks and a lot types of drinks and foods to put too. Starbucks coffee is more expensive because the cost is higher and Starbucks there have varieties of coffee such as latte , cappuccino , espresso , blended and many more.why peoples involuntary to pay premium price for the products? Now the people of this age, everyone says the standard of living, it is necessary to improve their standard of living, with a good eat well, so now the people of this age are willing to spend a lot of money in his own body, so let his comfort. level(p) the Starbucks produ ctss price is higher but still have a lot peoples willing to pay the premium price for the coffees to improve their standard of living. Besides, starbucks coffee has many types of tricks such as latte, cappuccino, espresso, blended and many more, is because of this it has attracted many customers willing to pay premium price for the coffees.2.4 ConclusionWhether expensive or cheap products, will have its own intrinsic value. Usually get a lot of people will put the lowest cost to the most appropriate price. Even then the high value products, it is still the uniform living standards in pursuit of will buy.Cost leadership strategy may have a low customer loyalty little comings, such as price-sensitive customers will switch a low-cost alternating(a) product available. One as the cost leaders reputation may also lead to lower quality status, which may cause a company is difficult to rename itself or product in the next if it chooses to transfer to a different strategy.

The History Of Afghanistan History Essay

The History Of Afghanistan History shewAfter the September 11th attacks on America, numerous nations were drawn into the contend on Terror. With this escalating conflict came the names of many countries that the American public k sensitive half-size intimately. Prior to 9/11, Americans knew Afghanistan simply as a country in the Middle East. In the subsequentlymath of 9/11, Americans now associate Afghanistan with lyric poem like Al Qaeda and the Taliban. Despite the recent press reportage on this land-locked nation, few netherstand the chronicle of Afghanistan, including the rich cultural aspects, governmental climate, and society of this country. As the future of Afghanistan is being lived and written right now, a wee-wee understanding of the countrys tale is imperative in understanding the new global circumstances.It is for this reason that Meredith L. Runion has written this take, published by Geenwood Press. The reference is a Program Manager in the Directorate of Science and Technology for the U.S. federal Government and has been involved in several efforts regarding the Middle East. She is regarded as a specialist in the level of Afghanistan. The causality has produced a volume that reflects her new research on Afghanistan. In addition to writing several articles on the display case, The History of Afghanistan, is her first published loudness. Meredith is a native of the Washington D.C. atomic number 18a, and holds sophisticated degrees in Decision Science and Business.The book is intended for students and general readers. It is withal serves as an appropriate starting significant for researchers trying to distinguish elliptical yet all-inclusive text on the entire tale of Afghanistan and the rulers that commence governed it.The United States, being a superpower which attacked Afghanistan and is now embroiled in the War Against Terror in this persona, shares a special relationship with this country. Yet, many Americans know r eally little about Afghanistan, its history and the people who submit this section. Therefore the author has do special effort to keep the book simple, concise and unprovoked to follow for the American readers. Among the many other questions the source addresses some are as given How did Afghanistan get to be the itinerary it is? What kind of semipolitical systems fool evolved there? What kind of influence does it conduct in the region? What are the dominant political, religious and cultural forces that preempt its leaders? These and many other questions occupy been answered in this volume.The book under review is a nonfiction account of the history of Afghanistan. It provides an abridged history of Afghanistan, from the emergence of civilization to the United States overthrow of the Taliban in late 2001. The history is almost entirely political and military in nature, recounting shift key dynasties and governments and successive invasions by empires and cracking powers .Major layers in the book secern how modern Afghanistan is a melting pot of a multitude of glosss, tribes, and political influences all under the guiding belief of Islam. The author repeatedly stresses that collect to the countrys strategic location a immense the crucial trade routes between rudimentary Asia and the Middle East, Afghanistan has suffered repeated conquests throughout its tumultuous history. In spite of this, Afghanistan has turn out to be a resilient force in the face of long term conquests, as the United States is experiencing today.It starts with an introduction to the country, focusing on its geographics and people. It discusses its location in the region, its physical features and agricultural potential. It also discusses its economy and the social groups inhabiting the country.It is entertaining to note that the author has devoted a murder chapter to Afghanistans prehistory. eyepatch libraries and bookstores are filled with a multitude of works on the other(a) life of Mesopotamia and Persia, very little can be found about Afghanistans prehistory. Further, most books provide only one or two paragraphs on the early civilization era of Afghanistan, usually after Alexander the smashing conquered this region. By including a complete chapter on the countrys prehistory the generator has made the book addressing to general public as well as students of history.The next chapter discusses the early civilizations which flourished in this area. Brief yet informative visible has been presented about the Aryan Civilization, the Medes Empire, the arrival of Alexander the Great in the region and the Greco-Bactrian rule in Afghanistan.Most books on the subject ignore the ordinary period between the early civilizations and the arrival of Islam in Afghanistan. However, the writer has discussed the Greek-Hellenistic culture prevailing in the area till the conquests led by Islamic invaders. The Macedonian Empire, the division under Seleucid an d Mauryan Rule, the Greco-Bactrian and Parthian eras, The Kushan Empire and the Sassanid Dynasty have been dealt with by the author in this chapter before moving on to the advent of Muslim conquerors. Conspicuous, however, is the authors lack of attention to the rule of Islamic Empires in Afghanistan. The Islamic Empires of this region were some of the most powerful and influential ones during the period extending from 10th light speed A.D., and played a significant subroutine in shaping the history of Central Asia, Persia and India. The indisposition of the author to handle this period of history in greater detail will come as a bewilderment to researchers and historians.The following chapter discusses the Mongolian Invasion, the Timurid Empire and Safavid Rule leading up to the entry of the first Afghan state under Ahmed Shah Durrani in 1747.A complete chapter has been written by the author detailing the Anglo-Afghan Wars from 1839 to 1919. Once again the author very concisely narrates the history of Afghanistan during this period ensuring that no important slip is left out. nonethelessts leading up to the Soviet Invasion, Retreat of Soviet forces and the Afghan Civil War have been described by the author in a succinct manner. Since the history of Afghanistan during this period has been covered by a significant number of books, and that too in great detail, it is relieving to note that the writer has not presented extensive material reproducing the same events in the book. Instead the author sticks to presenting the events briefly.The next chapter in the book discusses the rise of fundamentalism in Afghan society. This covers the role of the Mujahideen, the rise of the Taliban, their state of war with the Northern Alliance and finally the advent of Osama identify in Laden on the global scene. This chapter will be of particular interest to Western readers, especially those in the United States who are not fire about the origin of the Taliban. Afghani stan is a nation about which Western readers knew very little about till the events of 2001. Overall, Runion gives an insightful overview of such a country.In general, the book lays greater stress on the historical events occurring in the quondam(prenominal) 30 years. According to Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, both professors at atomic number 49 University and foreword-writers for the book, the past 30 years have been witness to a great deal of historical change, and it is to this change that this book is primarily addressed.The material in the book has been presented in an orderly manner, with the author focusing on the chronological order of the historical events. The delivery used is simple and helpful for students neediness to pay back knowledge about the subject matter in a short time duration.However it must be noted that the book presents a very brief overview of the history of Afghanistan, with the overly plain language at times becoming simple even for high schooling students.As the reader moves towards the more modern history of Afghanistan, it becomes perfectly clear that this book was written for Americans who wanted to know more about Afghanistan after 2001. If that is the only purpose of the readers, this book will prove fine. But if the readers are history students or researchers, they will find vast other eras of history getting ignored.The book contains additional chapters that add useful detail to the historical narrative. One chapter is a thorough chronology of important historical events, make it easy for readers to follow the flow of Afghanistans history. Another chapter features biographical sketches of the nations most important figures who have contributed to the historical development of the Afghan nation. The book also contains a plenary bibliography, so that those readers interested in the subject matter can find more about the nation and its history. Each chapter is followed by detailed notes formulateing the co nfine of the chapter, making extensive references to works of other writers and historians on Afghanistan. Included aboard these items is a glossary of frequently used terms, and a guide to but readings. The author apparently did a great deal of research and references septuple sources to provide an unbiased look into Afghanistan.It was noted that the chronology of this book moves in a haphazard fashion, and the areas the author chooses to focus on are sometimes puzzling. Even though Afghanistan was a neutral nation during WWI and WWII, those wars are discussed in a paragraph.The authors style of narrating the events which have not yet occurred in a specialized section becomes irritating at times. For example, the author writesThat king ruled until the war was over in 1967Then the next section will get downThe war of regicidal independence began in 1960This is fairly common, and has the readers sometimes struggling to put their mindset back into chronological order.The absence of maps was greatly felt, which could have support in explaining the historical contents of the book. Similarly, the book contained no illustrations or images, making it a tiresome and unamusing read at times. Inclusion of maps and illustrations could have added to the appeal and quality of the bookOverall, the book makes a satisfactory attempt to explain the major historical events of Afghanistan very briefly. Some historical details have been ignored by the author. For an introductory history to Afghanistan, this serves its purpose, but it will likely pique rather than satiate the readers search for knowledge, which may have been the authors point all along. The book has about 150 pages, so if the readers want an in depth material this probably isnt recommended. However, this is a great starting material for those wanting to gain more understanding on the country and the contemporary focus on modern events and conflictsIt is recommended for general public wishing to acquire ele mentary knowledge and background information about the history of Afghanistan in a concise manner. Students of history and researchers looking for in-depth material on the subject however will be disappointed.

Spasticity Following Stroke: a Literature Review

Spasticity Following Stroke a Literature ReviewABBREVIATIONSUMN UPPER MOTOR NEURONSPASM financing PROGRAMME FOR ASSEMBLY OF DATABASE FOR SPASTICITY MEASUREMENTCNS CENTRAL NERVOUS ar redactmentPMS PASSIVE MUSCLE STRETCHINGTS TRICEPS SURAETA TIBIALIS priorROM RANGE OF MOTIONINTRODUCTIONSpasticity is a major diverseness symptom that most commonly arises by and by stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal anesthesia corduroy dishonor, some traumatic capitulum injuries and other central nervous frame (CNS) lesion (Dietz and Sinkjaer 2007). Lesion of the cortico-fugal pathway along with the pyramidal packets, at any level, like cortex, brainstem, inwrought capsule or spinal cord military issues in spasticity (Carr et al. 1995). The term spasticity was derived from the Grecian word spasticus meaning to pull or to tug (Ghai et al. 2013). The definition of spasticity that has been formerly cited is that of Lance in 1980 Spasticity is travel disorder characterised by a hurrying depe ndent increase in tonic str etcetera reflexes ( go throughbuilder-builder tone) with exaggerated muscularity jerks, resulting from hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex, as one component of the upper force back nerve celle (UMN) syndrome.(Brown 1994). though this definition is useful for diagnosis, yet for the purpose of understanding and managing the nucleuss of improper go through actions after stroke, it is too restrictive (Bhakta 2000). Recently SPASM (Support course for Assembly of selective informationbase for Spasticity Measurement) redefined spasticity as disordered sensori-motor adduce-so, resulting from an UMN lesion, presenting as intermit tent or uphold in spontaneous activation of go throughs (Mirbagheri et al. 2009). For the purpose of orbit the clinicians wear divided the UMN syndrome into domineering and negative mental pictures. The characteristics of the negative features atomic number 18 dismission of dexterity, weakness and easy fatigability on the other hand spasticity, change magnitude tendon reflexes, extensor and flexor spasm, clonus etc argon the features of absolute UMN syndrome. The later definition of spasticity includes all told the characteristics of positive UMN syndrome excluding its negative features and the biomechanical changes in the joints and soft tissues (Mirbagheri et al. 2009). The negative features of UMN syndrome are regarded to be more disabling than the positive features (Carr et al. 1995) entirely recent studies have showed that spasticity adds on to the impairment of function and to demarcation line of activity for the affected person (BovendEerdt et al. 2008).The core feature of spasticity is increase in stretch reflex, manifested as hypertonus. Muscle tone is defined as the tautness of a ponderosity repayable to involuntary contractions of its motor units it is determined twain by the passive elasticity of muscular tissues, the viscoelastic properties of the fibrillary proteins cont ained within for each one muscle fibre and by the spry (though non continuous) contraction of muscle in response to the reaction of the nervous system (Grabowski and Tortora, 2003). Alternately active and inactive motor units help in master(prenominal)taining normal tone in a muscle. Any imbalance in the input from central motor pathways like the cortico-reticulo-spinal and other descending pathways to the inter-neuronal circuit of spinal cord results in alte ration in the involuntary contraction in a muscle. The chief(prenominal) tract restricting the spinal reflex activity is the abaxial reticulospinal tract that runs along the lateral spino thalamic tract. It arises from the ventero medial reticular formation which has less facilitatorty reckon oer the cortical motor areas, in that respectby augmenting the inhibitory drive. The main excitatory pathway also arising in the brainstem is the medial reticulo spinal tract. handicap to these tracts give rise to a net loss of in hibitory simplicity leading to increase alpha motor neurone excitability at the segmental cord level and subsequent increase in muscle tone. some(prenominal) studies also cl admit that peripheral neuronic changes also contribute to the increased muscle tone. Muscle tone has two components, neural involving CNS and musculoskeletal, where muscles are involved (Barnes, M. P. et al. 2003). two the components help in retaining normal muscle tone. habitual tone is the slight amount of constant tension in the goodish muscles offering small opposite to displacement (Barnes, Michael P. and Johnson 2008). There is change in mechanical, visco-elastic properties of muscle fibres as a result of paresis and immobilisation after an UMN lesion. activating of actin and myosin cross bridges also increases muscle tone (Lee et al, 2005). CNS and neural pathways maintain tone by overlapping actin and myosin filaments on muscle contraction. short contraction results in decreased muscle tone due to lacking(p) development of tension (Grabowski and Tortora 2003). Through the phasic and tonic stretch reflexes the muscle spike plays an important role in regulating the muscle tone (Cameron-Tucker 1983). These muscle spindles can be adjusted in terms of their response to stretchiness.Spasticity is generated due to the over activity of the alpha motor neurons. Over activity occurs when the monosynaptic input via Ia afferent fibres and polysynaptic afferent input via the Golgi tendon organs and cutaneous receptors liberate descending inhibition from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, which is relayed through the dorsal and medial reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts. Spinal inter-neurons are responsible for presynaptic and reciprocal inhibition of Ia fibres. receivable to the loss of this inhibition inappropriate muscle co-contraction occur disabling voluntary limb movement (Bhakta 2000).The course of development of both(prenominal) cerebral and spinal spasticity af ter an insult is slow in humans, except for the cases of high brain stem lesion like traumatic brain injury where the increase in the tone is immediate (Carr et al. 1995). The time gap in the midst of the injury and way of spasticity whitethorn vary from days to months, depending upon the level of lesion (Ghai et al. 2013).The effect of spasticity ranges from mild muscle stiffness to severe, very painful and uncontrollable muscle spasm. If left untreated spasticity gives rise to many problems like pain, spasm, contracture and deformity leading to a loss of mobility and dexterity, problem in self hygiene, inability to wear orthotics hence resulting in decreased functioning, participation and low self esteem (Ghai et al. 2013). A multidisciplinary glide path is required for the stiff management of spasticity taking into consideration other variables that major power affect treatment outcome. Aim of treatment should include pr howevertion of irregular limb or trunk posture and fa cilitation of movement in the mise en scene of functional activities (Bhakta 2000).Secondary to the neural changes in that respect are dramatic changes of the morphological and mechanical properties of the spastic muscle. A review conducted by Jared et al. concluded that the pursuance changes occur in a spastic muscle a) alteration of the coat of muscle fibre and the type of fibre distribution b) morphologically and biomechanically calculated in that location is proliferation of extracellular matrix material c) increased stiffness in the spastic cell muscle d) compared to the normal muscle in that respect is low mechanical properties of extra cellular matrix in the spastic muscle (Foran et al. 2005).As a management of spasticity the researchers have tried to alter the motor neuron excitability by many interventions like electrical comment (Bajd et al. 1985), pressure (Leone and Kukulka 1988), muscle tapping (Belanger et al. 1989), vibration (Gillies et al. 1969), cooling (Bell and Lehmann 1987), massage (Sullivan et al. 1991) and stretch (Kunkel et al. 1993, Avela et al. 1999). Among all of these, reach has been intensively utilise as it is safe, economical and convenient (Tsai, KUEN-HORNG et al. 2001). reach is the process of applying tension to the soft tissue structures like muscle, tendon, and vascular, dermal, connective, neural tissues for elongation. stint can be applied mechanically (example- with dynamometer or an wakeless feedback control contrivance) offering well controlled intervention and manually, which is difficult to standardise but represents clinical practice better. Stretching changes the viscoelastic, structural and excitatory airplane propeller of the muscle. (Nielsen et al. 2007). so far many neural as well as non neural berth of reaching remains unclear. Stretching aims on decreasing muscle tone, maintain or increase soft tissue extensibility leading to improvement in function (Barnes, Michael P. and Johnson 2008). Lots of variation can be do fleck implementing stretching as an intervention. The amount of tension, the eon of the stretch, the velocity of stretch, the number of repeating can all be vary.LITERATURE REVIEWA demand was through by Harvey et al. in the year 2000 on the Effects Of intravenous feeding Weeks Of Daily Stretching On Ankle Mobility In Patients With Spinal corduroy Injuries. 14 recently injured subjects with paraplegia and quadriplegia were taken from two spinal injury units in Sydney, Australia. Their mortise joint was stretched into dorsiflexion, continuously for 30 proceedings with a tortuousness of 7.5 Nm for every calendar weekday, for 4 consecutive weeks. The main outcome bank none was measuring the crookedness angle in knee flexed and extended position. Measurements were taken pre- seek and post test. Post test notements were also taken thrice I,e, during the guide (2nd week), just after the scan (4th week) and one week after the study (5th week). I ntervention was apt(p) by a custom made stretching device that is able to give articulatio talocruralis stretch. The baselines of all the subjects were same. The result showed that even after stretching for a longer time than usual in that respect was no significant difference in the post test apprise in any of the three parameters from pre test. Hence the study concluded that there is no significant change in ankle mobility after 30 proceedings of stretching for 4 weeks in SCI patients. The strength of the study is good, with random allocation, blinding of assessor, similar baseline of all the subjects but the intervention device needed to be more standardised. The study has a score of 8 on PEDro scale of assessment.A study by Tsai et al. 2001 examined the effect of a single academic session of prolonged muscle stretch (PMS) on the spastic muscle. 17 spastic hemiplegic patients were selected for the study and as an intervention PMS was given on the triceps surae (TS) muscl es by standing on the tilt table with feet dorsiflexed for 30 minutes. Here the outcome measures were Modified Ashworth scale of the TS, the H/M ratio of TS and the F/M ratio of tibialis anterior (TA) and passive range of motion (ROM) of ankle dorsiflexion,. The measurements were taken pre test, post test and 45 minutes after the test. ROM was measured with a goniometer and electromiograph was used to perform human face stimulation and reflex recording. The results showed non-significant difference in the Modified Ashworth scale, significant change in the ROM of ankle dorsiflexion, F/M ratio and H/M ratio. There was increase in the passive ROM of the ankle dorsiflexion post treatment compared to pre treatment, additionally PMS reduced motor neuron excitability of the TS and increased that of TA in the post treatment. There was no significant difference of result with in immediate post test and 45 minutes after post test. The study was well written but the strain size was too smal l. The age of the effected patients varied from 33 till 79 years which is a very ample range and the acuteness of the patients varied from 4.5 months post attack to 79.6 months post attack. These factors may cause a problem while generalising the results and the amount of stiffness may vary with the duration of illness.Bressel and McNair (2002) did a study to compare prolonged quiet stretch with cyclic stretching on ankle joint stiffness, tortuosity relaxation and gait in stroke patients. 10 community ingleside people were randomly allocated into two groups one of the groups received single session of static stretch and the other cyclic stretch of the calf muscle for 30 minutes. There was a washout period for one week and then the group interventions were exchanged. The interventions were given by an isokinetic dynamometer that measured the crookednesss and the angles also. originally and after treatment the time taken to walk 10 m was taken and stiffness of the ankle joint w as calculated from the slope of the crookedness and angle curves before and immediately after the treatments. Over the 30 minutes stretch the percentage of the decrease in peak passive torque was the torque relaxation achieved. Results showed that there was significant decrease in ankle stiffness in both the intervention but there was not much significant difference between the post test value of the two interventions. The amount of torque relaxation was 53% greater in static stretching than that of cyclic stretching. And the 10 m walk duration did not have any significant difference pre and post test. The sample size of the study was very small to generalise the results and the wash over period between the two sessions were of just one week. Since the prolonged effect of the stretching is unknown hence it cant be commented that whether there was any residual effect of the previous session that may have affected the results of the second session. Nowhere in the study blinding was d one hence there may be a chance of macrocosm bias from the assessor. The baselines of both the groups were not similar.A study by Yeh et al. (2005) compared the effectuality of constant-torque prolonged muscle stretching (PMS) treatment in subjects with ankle hypertonia. The study design was a pre and post test analysis. 30 subjects suffering from hemiplegia and calf muscle hypertonia were given stretching device employ a motor driven stretching device for 30 minutes in constant torque or constant angle mode. The main outcome measures were Modified Ashworth scale, passive range of motion and viscoelastic property of the planter flexors were measured pre and post treatment. Result showed significant improvement in all the measures, but the in the viscoelastic component the constant torque showed more evident changes compared to the constant angle measure. This study proved that there is significant reduction in spasticity after a single session of PMS. The methodology of the stud y was appropriate and the analysis of the data leading to the result was done well. the study also mention about the future compass of study by changing the mode of stretch from constant to intermittent. neither the subjects, nor the assessor was blinded in the study, so the question of bias remains.A systemic review done by BovendEerdt et al. (2008) was the first review done on the effects of stretching in spasticity. Studies were taken from databases like Medline, Cochrane library, CINHAL, net of Science, PEDro and Alied and Complementary medicine for review. 10 RCTs and 11 clinical trials were assessed. Randomised control trails were assessed on PEDro scale for methodologic quality and the other clinical trials were assessed using data extraction form containing 13 items from CASP guidelines and CONSORT statement. The methodological qualities of the RCTs were low and there was a huge diversity on the methodology, intervention, population etc. Both manual and mechanical stretchin g was given. The review concludes as there is not much grounds on the basis of which the review can say if stretching on spasticity has its clinical benefit.A recent study by Gao et al. (2011) aims to investigate the changes occurring in biomechanical properties of the calf muscletendon unit after controlled ankle stretching in stroke survivors. Comparison was done between 10 stroke patients with ankle spasticity/contracture in one group and ten healthy subjects in the control group. 60 minute ankle stretching was given as an intervention to both the groups. Joint biomechanical properties like opposite torque, index of hysteresis and stiffness were evaluated pre- and post-intervention. Length of Achilles tendon was measured with ultrasonography. The force take of the triceps surae muscles was given in torqueangle relationship, by stimulating the calf muscles at a definite intensity across various ankle positions. The device used for intervention was an ankle stretching device wi th good control (the velocity of stretching was inversely proportional to the joint resistance torque) was used. Pre test the stroke survivors showed significantly higher resistance torques and joint stiffness, which were to a large extent reduced after the stretching intervention, especially in dorsiflexion. Stretching also significantly improved the force production of the afflicted calf muscles in stroke population under matched stimulations, along with the ankle ROM. The study interpreted that at the joint level, repeated stretching leads to increased passive ROM and decreased joint stiffness at the muscletendon level, calf muscle force output improved. The study provided evidence of improvement in muscle tendon properties through stretching intervention. asunder from the small sample size the study was well written and the methodology was well described.DISCUSSIONSpasticity is a disabling and often painful set that occur secondary to the UMN lesion that leads to hypertonicit y, exaggerated reflexes, weakness of muscle and loss of dexterity. Spasticity has both neural and non neural components. Stretching is a very commonly used intervention used in clinical physiotherapy. But stretching and spasticity in concert is a very complicated concept. From the articles reviewed one can conclude that stretching does have a positive effect on spasticity, but its effect on the neural component of spasticity alone is yet not proved. In this study the stretching that has been described are mechanical stretches, but there are various other form of stretches given through splinting, poultice cast, weights which could not be discussed because of their low level of evidence. Many studies could not be included because there stretching was combined with strengthening, stimulation, passive motion etc. Even among the articles taken in this study there is heterogeneity in methodology of stretching, its duration, the type of stretch and even the outcome measures used. Inspite of being a component in the definition none of the articles investigated spasticity by using different velocities of displacement. Due to so much of diversity it is tough to comment on which mode of stretching is most beneficial for spasticity. To come rase to a conclusion, future studies are needed to be done to find a standardised protocol of stretching for spasticity. In the future studies the outcome measure should be chosen carefully and intervention should be planed keeping the aim of the study in mind.CONCLUSIONThe studies taken in this review shows a great diversity in respect to methodology, intervention, population and outcome measures. though from the reviewed articles it can be said that stretching is effective for spasticity but there is need of good quality of studies to decide on a stretching protocol, its long term and short term effects and to come down to a conclusion as to which type of stretching is most effective in spasticity .TOTAL WORD COUNT IS 2978.

Research Onion Explanation of the Concept

interrogation Onion Explanation of the ConceptIntroduction The investigate onion plant was essential by Saunders et al. (2007). It illustrates the constitutes that must be covered when underdeveloped a seek strategy.When viewed from the outside, each layer of the onion describes a much detailed do of the look for outgrowth (Saunders et al., 2007). The query onion provides an telling progression through which a app atomic number 18nt movement methodological analysis advise be creati geniusd. Its usefulness lies in its adaptability for almost any type of search methodological analysis and ordure be utilise in a variety of contexts (Bryman, 2012). This prove will examine and describe the polar stages of the look into onion, and explain the concepts at each stage. 1.1 Understanding the explore Process The look for onion was developed by Saunderset al. (2007) in order to describe the stages through which the exploreer must pass when descriptorulating an effecti ve methodology. First, the look into philosophical system requires definition. This creates the head start period of time for the separate explore flack, which is adopted in the second step. In the third step, the explore strategy is adopted, and the fourth layer identifies the period horizon. The fifth step represents the stage at which the selective information order of battle methodology is identified. The bene fits of the look for onion ar thus that it creates a series of stages under which the different methods of info collection kindle be understood, and illustrates the steps by which a methodological airfield empennage be described. Figure 1 The enquiry Onion (Source Institut Numerique, 2012, n.p.). 1.2 look Philosophy A interrogation philosophy refers to the set of beliefs concerning the nature of the cosmos existence investigated (Bryman, 2012). It is the underlying definition of the nature of experience. The as make senseptions created by a inve stigate philosophy provide the justification for how the inquiry will be underinterpreted (Flick, 2011). look into philosophies buns differ on the goals of seek and on the topper route that talent be employ to achieve these goals (Goddard Melville, 2004). These argon not necessarily at odds with each opposite, but the choice of look into philosophy is defined by the type of knowledge being investigated in the research project (May, 2011). in that respectfore, understanding the research philosophy being use jackpot help explain the assumptions internal in the research process and how this fits the methodology being used. Two main ontological frame pees can in leap the research process positivism and constructionism (M anette et al. 2005). These frameworks might be described differently ( much(prenominal) as empiricism and interpretivism) but the underlying assumptions are broadly similar (Bryman, 2012). incontrovertibleness assumes that reality exists independently of the thing being studied. In practice this meat that the meaning of phenomena is consistent between subjects (Newman, 1998). Conversely, constructionism suggests that the inherent meaning of loving phenomena is created by each observer or group (stlundet al. , 2011). In this philosophy, one can never presume that what is observed is interpreted in the same behavior between participants and the key border on is to examine disputes and nuances in the respondents understanding. Despite the inherent goings between these two practices, it is not necessarily the case that they form an inherent belief by the researcher that is then applied to all research contexts. One philosophy is not inherently better than the opposite, although researchers whitethorn party favour one over the other (Podsakoffet al., 2012). The philosophy simply provides the justification for the research methodology. The methodology should be informed by the nature of the phenomena being observed. 1.3 int errogation onward motiones Two types of advancees are outlined here the deductive and the inductive approach. 1.3.1 deductive Approach The deductive approach develops the hypothesis or hypotheses upon a exist theory and then formulates the research approach to test it (Silverman, 2013). This approach is best suited to contexts where the research project is concerned with examining whether the observed phenomena fit with lookout based upon previous research (Wiles et al., 2011). The deductive approach thus might be considered particularly suited to the overconfident approach, which permits the formulation of hypotheses and the statistical interrogation of expected results to an accepted level of probability (Snieder Larner, 2009). However, a deductive approach whitethorn in like manner be used with soft research techniques, though in much(prenominal) cases the expectations formed by pre- subsisting research would be formulated differently than through hypothesis testing (Sa unders et al., 2007). The deductive approach is characterised as the development from general to particular the general theory and knowledge base is first designateed and the particularised knowledge gained from the research process is then tested against it (Kothari, 2004). 1.3.2 Inductive Approach The inductive approach is characterised as a move from the specialized to the general (Bryman Bell, 2011). In this approach, the reflections are the starting point for the researcher, and patterns are looked for in the selective information (Beiske, 2007). In this approach, there is no framework that initially informs the info collection and the research focus can thus be formed after the data has been hoard (Flick, 2011). Although this whitethorn be seen as the point at which new theories are generated, it is in addition true that as the data is analysed that it whitethorn be found to fit into an existing theory(Bryman Bell, 2011). This method is much frequently used in qu alitative research, where the absence of a theory informing the research process may be of well-being by reducing the potential for researcher submit in the data collection stage (Bryman Bell, 2011). Interviews are carried out concerning specific phenomena and then the data may be exa exploit for patterns between respondents (Flick, 2011). However, this approach may also be used effectively within positivist methodologies, where the data is analysed first and large patterns are used to inform the generation of results. 1.3.3 The vicenary Approach As the name suggests, this approach is concerned with denary data (Flick, 2011). It holds a get of accepted statistical standards for the rigor of the approach, such(prenominal) as the count of respondents that are required to establish a statistically significant result (Goddard Melville, 2004). Although this research approach is informed by a positivist philosophy, it can be used to investigate a wide spue of societal phenomen a, including feelings and subjective viewpoints. The quantifiable approach can be most effectively used for situations where there are a large come of respondents available, where the data can be effectively measured using quantifiable techniques, and where statistical methods of analysis can be used (May, 2011). 1.3.4 The Qualitative Approach The qualitative approach is pilen from the constructivist paradigm (Bryman Allen, 2011). This approach requires the researcher to repeal imposing their own perception of the meaning of social phenomena upon the respondent (Banister et al., 2011). The remove is to investigate how the respondent interprets their own reality (Bryman Allen, 2011). This presents the challenge of creating a methodology that is framed by the respondent instead than by the researcher. An effective subject matter by which to do this is through call into questions, or texts, where the response to a question can be open (Feilzer, 2010). Furthermore, the resear cher can develop the questions throughout the process in order to ensure that the respondent further expands upon the cultivation provided. Qualitative research is usually used for examining the meaning of social phenomena, quite an than seeking a causative relationship between established variables (Feilzer, 2010). 1.4 question Strategy The research strategy is how the researcher in races to carry out the work (Saunders et al., 2007). The strategy can include a recite of different approaches, such as experimental research, action research, case study research, interviews, surveys, or a systematic literature review. Experimental research refers to the strategy of creating a research process that examines the results of an experiment against the expected results (Saunders et al., 2007). It can be used in all areas of research, and usually connotes the consideration of a relatively limited number of factors (Saunders et al., 2007). The relationship between the factors are examin ed, and judged against the expectation of the research outcomes. Action research is characterised as a practical approach to a specific research problem within a community of practice (Bryman, 2012). It involves examining practice to establish that it corresponds to the best approach. It tends to involve reflective practice, which is a systematic process by which the original practice and experience of the practitioners can be assessed. This form of research is common in professions such as teaching or nursing, where the practitioner can assess ways in which they can improve their professional approach and understanding (Wiles et al., 2011). Case study research is the assessment of a whiz unit in order to establish its key features and draw generalisations (Bryman, 2012). It can offer an insight into the specific nature of any example, and can establish the importance of culture and context in differences between cases (Silverman, 2013). This form of research is effective in fi nancial research, such as comparison the experiences of two companies, or comparing the effect of investment in difference contexts. Grounded theory is a qualitative methodology that draws on an inductive approach whereby patterns are derived from the data as a precondition for the study (May, 2011). For example, interview data may be transcribed, coded and then grouped accordingly to the common factors exhibited between respondents. This means that the results of the research are derived fundamentally from the research that has been completed, rather than where the data is examined to establish whether it fits with pre-existing frameworks (Flick, 2011). Its use is common in the social sciences (Bryman, 2012). Surveys tend to be used in three-figure research projects, and involve sampling a instance proportion of the race (Bryman Bell, 2011). The surveys produce quantitative data that can be analysed empirically. Surveys are most commonly used to examine causative variables b etween different types of data. Ethnography involves the close observation of people, examining their cultural interaction and their meaning (Bryman, 2012). In this research process, the observer conducts the research from the perspective of the people being observed, and aims to understand the differences of meaning and importance or behaviours from their perspective. An archival research strategy is one where the research is conducted from existing materials (Flick, 2011). The form of research may involve a systematic literature review, where patterns of existing research are examined and summed up in order to establish the sum of knowledge on a particular study, or to examine the finishing of existing research to specific problems. Archival research may also refer to historical research, where a body of source material is mined in order to establish results. 1.5 Choices The choices outlined in the research onion include the mono method, the mixed method, and the multi-method ( Saunders et al., 2007). As the names of these approaches suggest, the mono-method involves using one research approach for the study. The mixed-methods required the use of two or more methods of research, and usually refer to the use of twain a qualitative and a quantitative methodology. In the multi-method, a wider selection of methods is used (Bryman, 2012). The main difference between the mixed and the multi-method is that the mixed-method involves a combined methodology that creates a single dataset (Flick, 2011). The multi-method approach is where the research is divided into separate segments, with each producing a specific dataset each is then analysed using techniques derived from quantitative or qualitative methodologies (Feilzer, 2010). 1.6 period Horizons The Time Horizon is the time framework within which the project is mean for completion (Saunders et al., 2007). Two types of time horizons are specified within the research onion the cross sectional and the longitudin al (Bryman, 2012). The cross sectional time horizon is one already established, whereby the data must be collected. This is dubbed the gingersnap time collection, where the data is collected at a certain point (Flick, 2011). This is used when the investigation is concerned with the study of a particular phenomenon at a specific time. A longitudinal time horizon for data collection refers to the collection of data repeatedly over an extended period, and is used where an important factor for the research is examining change over time (Goddard Melville, 2004). This has the benefit of being used to study change and development. Furthermore, it allows the establishment of some reserve over the variables being studied. The time horizon selected is not dependent on a specific research approach or methodology (Saunders et al., 2007). 1.7 data Collection and Analysis selective information collection and analysis is dependent on the methodological approach used (Bryman, 2012). The process used at this stage of the research contributes significantly to the studys overall reliability and validity (Saunders et al., 2007). Regardless of the approach used in the project, the type of data collected can be separated into two types primary and secondary. 1.7.1 The Primary Data Primary data is that which is derived from first-hand sources. This can be historical first-hand sources, or the data derived from the respondents in survey or interview data (Bryman, 2012). However, it is not necessarily data that has been produced by the research being undertaken. For example, data derived from statistical collections such as the census can constitute primary data. Likewise, data that is derived from other researchers may also be used as primary data, or it may be represented by a text being analysed (Flick, 2011). The primary data is therefore best understood as the data that is being analysed as itself, rather than through the prism of anothers analysis. 1.7.2 Secondary Data Seco ndary data is that which is derived from the work or opinions of other researchers (Newman, 1998). For example, the conclusions of a research article can constitute secondary data because it is information that has already been processed by another. Likewise, analyses conducted on statistical surveys can constitute secondary data (Kothari, 2004). However, there is an extent to which the data is defined by its use, rather than its inherent nature (Flick, 2011). Newspapers may prove both a primary and secondary source for data, depending on whether the coverer was real present. For a study of social attitudes in the Eighteenth Century, or for a study of the causes of fear of crime in present day UK, newspapers may constitute primary data. Therefore, the most effective distinction of the two types of data is perhaps established by the use to which it is put in a study, rather than to an inherent characteristic of the data itself. 1.8 Research Design The research design is the descrip tion of how the research process will be completed. It is a framework which includes the considerations that led to the appropriate methodology being adopted, the way in which the respondents were selected, and how the data will be analysed (Flick, 2011). There are a number of different characteristic research designs, namely the descriptive, explanatory, and the exploratory. The descriptive research design relates to reflecting the experiences of respondents. It is thus related closely to ethnographic studies, but a quantitative framework is also an appropriate framework for example, the demographic characteristics of a population subgroup can be reported (Bryman, 2012). An explanatory research design is focus on how to effectively explain the characteristics of a population or a social phenomenon (Saunders et al., 2007). This may be seen as effective where using a quantitative framework, where the influence of one variable on another can be established (Kothari, 2004). The explo ratory study is an exploration of an issue that takes turn out before enough is known to conduct a formulaic research project. It is usually used in order to inform further research in the subject area (Neuman, 2003). 1.9 Samples A warning is a representative segment of a large population (Bryman, 2012). In quantitative research, the sample size and how it is selected can be used to establish the reliability of the results of the study. In qualitative research, the sample characteristics are also important, but much small samples tend to be used. 1.9.1 Sample Size The sample size represents the number of respondents selected from the overall population that are used in the research (Newman, 1998). In quantitative research, the size of the sample is essential in determining the reliability of the results of a study. Sample sizes of much less than 30 will tend to produce results where individual respondents may skew the results. In such cases, the larger the sample size the more r eliable will be the results (Flick, 2011). In qualitative research, the size of the sample is less important, and the concept of representativeness is not as strong a guideline for the validity of the research. 1.9.2 Sampling Techniques Sampling techniques are the ways in which an appropriate sample size is selected for the wider study (Bryman, 2012). There are a number of accepted techniques that can be used. A random sample represents individuals within a larger population who are chosen at random. However, this can result in random distribution, which can mean significant skewing resulting from the random nature of sample selection (Neuman, 2003). For example, a random sample may result in more males than females being represented in a sample, or an unequal distribution crossways ages. A stratified sample may then be used to ensure that the representatives of the population in the sample reflect the significant characteristics of the wider population, such as making sure that th e demographic characteristics of age and gender are reflected in the sample (Newman, 1998). A convenience sample is where the sample is taken from an existing framework, such as an educational institution, given that the ways in which respondents may be recruited is relatively straightforward. This may be appropriate if a study is concerned with students views, and it proved convenient to sample just one educational institution it may be considered unlikely that significant innovation in students characteristics will occur between institutions or that those characteristics will buzz off a significant effect on the results of a study. Conclusions In this study, the different stages of the research onion were described. Given the research onion comprises different stages of galore(postnominal) research projects and can be effectively adapted to different frameworks, this report has necessarily been summative and restricted in depth. However, the stages defined by Saunders et al. ( 2007) view been expounded upon, and the usefulness of the staged development of the onion demonstrated. The most effective model of its effectiveness, however, lies in its use.References Banister, P., Bunn, G., Burman, E., Daniels, J. (2011). Qualitative Methods In Psychology A Research Guide. capital of the United Kingdom McGraw-Hill International. Beiske, B. (2007). Research Methods Uses and limitations of questionnaires, interviews and case studies, Munich GRIN Verlag. Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (5th ed.). Oxford Oxford University Press. Bryman, A., Allen, T. (2011). Education Research Methods. Oxford Oxford University Press. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2011). Business Research Methods (third ed.) Oxford Oxford University Press. Feilzer, M. Y. (2010). Doing mixed methods research pragmatically Implications for the rediscovery of pragmatism as a research paradigm. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 4(1), pp.6-16. Flick, U. (2011). Introducing research methodolo gy A beginners guide to doing a research project. capital of the United Kingdom Sage. Goddard, W. Melville, S. (2004). Research Methodology An Introduction, (2nd ed.) Oxford Blackwell Publishing. Gulati, P. M. (2009). Research Management Fundamental and Applied Research, New Delhi Global India Productions. Institut Numerique, (2012). Research Methodology, http//www.institut-numerique.org/chapter-3-research-methodology-4ffbd6e5e3391 retrieved 3rd October, 2014. Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology methods and techniques. New Delhi New Age International. May, T. (2011). Social research Issues, methods and research. London McGraw-Hill International. Monette, D.R., Sullivan, T. J., DeJong, C. R. (2005). Applied Social Research A Tool for the adult male Services, (6th ed.), London Brooks Publishing. Neuman, W. L. (2003). Social Research Methods Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, London Allyn Bacon. Newman, I. (1998). Qualitative-quantitative research methodolog y Exploring the interactive continuum. Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press. stlund, U., Kidd, L., Wengstrm, Y., Rowa-Dewar, N. (2011). Combining qualitative and quantitative research within mixed method research designs a methodological review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48(3), pp. 369-383. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, pp.539-569. Rowley, J. (2012). Conducting research interviews. Management Research Review, 35(3), pp.260-271. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students, (6th ed.) London Pearson. Silverman, D. (2013). Doing Qualitative Research A practical handbook. London Sage. Snieder R. Larner, K. (2009). The Art of Being a Scientist A Guide for Graduate Students and their Mentors, Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Wiles, R., Crow, G., Pain, H. (2011). Innovation in qualitative research methods a narrative review. Qualitative Research, 11(5), pp.587-604.

Overview and Analysis of the PAPA Model

Overview and Analysis of the PAPA ModelPAPA Model Today, the wide use of computer science education technology in the calling world and separate intuitions has brought m some(prenominal) estimable issues and concern. Mason introduced four approximately crucial ethical issues of the education era on 1986 which argon silence, accuracy, home and overtureibility abbreviated to PAPA. Masons PAPA model focussed on the individual impairment which could a surface from the unethical or corrupt of schooling and data technology. Based on the Framework developed by Mason we move analyse and reach the conclusion on ethical issues emerged by the unethical use of data technology. PAPA model enlightens tuition k outrightledge on what the Privacy, accuracy, property and accuracy marrow, how they are interrelated, what are their differences and how they service us to reach the conclusion on ethical issues.Privacy In general understanding, l unmatchableliness way of life the right to be free from obscure scrutiny and to determine whether, when, how and to whom, ones individualised or organisational information is to be revealed. The privacy behave 1988 regulates how personal information is handled. The Privacy Act defines personal information asinformation or an opinion, whether true or not, and whether recorded in a material form or not, slightly an identified individual, or an individual who us reasonably identifiable. There are two main factors which threaten our privacy today, firstly growth of information technology with its capacity of scrutiny, communication, computing, retrieval and storage, and secondly the increased nurse of information in decision making.Accuracy It is the condition or quality of universe true, correct or exact free from error or defect. Inaccuracy may cause detracting situation on persons life, organisations and business values. here a burn downs some question who should be responsible for accuracy and authenticity of se lf-collected information? How can one believe that the data will be correctly inputted, processed properly and presented to users? On what basis should we believe bugs in database or system and processing are not done with end and occurred accidently. Who blasts the responsibility for glitch in information and how the victim will be reimbursed.Property Property issues are concentrated on ingestership and value of information. It also seeks the firmness of few questions like, who is the owner of the information. What is the value of the exchange, and in which agency the access to information or the recourses should be allocated? Here property means the intellectual property and its right. Once the intellectual property is provided somewhere or transmitted, it is complicated to keep the person as it becomes communicable and more demanding to be reimbursed.Accessibility its issues are concerned on who has the permission to access the information, who holds the rights or keys to a ccess it, what data an individual or organisations are permit to acquire with which safeguards and under what terms and conditions?After going through the scenario provided and from my own research I con nerver, all four areas have given rise to ethical issues for Joseph where some have higher level of the issue whereas other has a low level effect. Most importantly it gives rise to privacy issues followed by others.Privacy issues Josephs personal or we can severalize the very confidential information was compromised which could lead to very disastrous consequences, indistinguishability theft makes life miserable. If Joseph had given attention on lectures warning to them to be headacheful and vigilant while providing personal information to companies over the internet, he dexterity be on safe side but rather he supposition him old-fashioned and never thought some issues may arise while providing information to a confederacy like Sony. How can one decide on whom to trust? How ofttimes information can one give to others?Accuracy Issues Being the customer of Sony Joseph had right to get accurate and timely information, to whom he had provided his personal information to credit card details with trust. Accurate information of personal information and credit card details being hacked was provided only after a whole week of the incident following by other misdirect and fake information. Though, the hackers couldnt do any misuse of data they might have destroyed everything in a week time customers could take precaution toProperty Issues When Joseph could not restore the backup file it gives rise to property issues. He bought games from Sony he collected trophies but did he legitimately own that? Did Sony own the data that customers provided?Sonys data breach is one of the biggest data breach to date which has given rise to various concerns in the Sonys privacy policy and security measures. Though, other issues also pronounced a question to Sonys management especially it has fueled to Privacy concern. When an organisation gathers personal information of its customers, employees and other stakeholders they mustiness assure the natural rubber and security of those. Breach of personal information can be turn up very dangerous and it has been proved in many cases, for example, Jessicas explanation of the mail scam. The main issue and the question arise to Sony is where they really serious-minded on Privacy issues, had they meet all the privacy measures and followed the protocol. If they had done so how someone could hack and enter into their system. Breach of over 77million accounts including all the personal details and credit card of the customer was not a smallish issue. This issue gave a big question mark to Sony. The management took a whole week to inform its customer of the actual reason for ending of its network, which is questionable. If a breach does occur, effective handling of the response is a key. This means planning a nd preparing for such an event in advance. A policy should be drawn up, under which it is suggested that prompt notification is make to both the customers and the regulators. all in all staff should have data protection training sequester to their role, and appropriate compensation, support and remedial plans should be prepared. Though it was Sony violated the privacy of its customer Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or demise of, or damage to, personal data.I find some statements make by Privacy commissioner Timothy Pilgrim questionable. He stated that Sony did have a case to answer as they did not intentionally disclose any confidential information is not surprising, simply put Australia has no real commercial Privacy or security legislation for Sony to breach. The fact that Sony did not show a duty of care and/or displayed a cut lack regard for the personal information entrusted to them by their clients is completely unheeded by the commissioner. Sonys duty of care is to nourish appropriate IT security systems, policies and procedures to maintain client data confidential, private and available whether at rest, in go through or in a process. It is obvious that they did not take these duties of care obligations seriously until that proverbial substance hit the fan. Statement by Pilgrim Sony has now extra security measures to strengthen protection around the network platforms highlights its diachronic disregard for client confidentiality in their corporate culture and I do not think that any Australian Government officials should comment and decide to forgive such obvious laissez-faire behaviour. Can he answer us, what reasonable steps Sony took to protect individuals credentials? Now, they actually created a CSO role. They didnt have this before? What fines were handed down for this breach? How can he show that legislation protect s individuals information to abroad organisations? I opened this investigation because I was concerned that Australians personal information may have been compromised,Pilgrim said. However, his concerns were unfounded, with Pilgrim finding that the company hadnt breached the Act. Seriously, just why does Sony potbelly require our full date of birth? Year only should be adequate to verify a customer is over 18 test further only if the year reveals someone turning 18 that year. As such, Sony should be 100% liable for any loss plus return for emotional distress to any customer, their spouse and immediate family, in regard of any customer who has their identity was stolen and fraud committed. And also it has to be made clear that whether it identified a culprit in the intrusion. Guilty must be punished.

The French Revolutionary War of 1848 Essay -- French Revolution of 184

The numerous revolutions and uprisings that took fall out in Europe at the rise of the eighteenth century signified the onset of more than a few liberalistic revolutions that shaped this continents governance to this date. This subverter beat was very substantive, as it marked the collapse of traditional authorities and the composition of more political and democratic forms of government. This year 1848 has been recognized by many a(prenominal) as the year of revolution because of the great number of political revolutions that took place allover Europe at this time. These 1884 revolutions started of in the french republic originally spreading out to the other Western European nations. The 1884 revolutions were very significant to the French republic wedded the fact through them, the Orleans estate authority over France came to an end and the second French republic was born. The 1884 revolutionary war in France was motivated by factors like a admonition of the political leadership, widespread ideology of nationalism across Europe, and a greater demand for democracy among others. This war lasted only for less than five years, with several(prenominal) thousands of people dead and other thousands being forced into exile. This paper gives a discussion of the origins and causes of these 1848 revolutionary wars in France. History of France Before 18481.Ancient FranceThe French nation is thought to have been founded at around 297 AD when the Salian Franks were given the authority to settle in the region occupied by the Batavians, a Germanic tribe during the era of the Gallic wars. The first king from the historical information was Clodio who began his reign at around 426 AD. However, it was not until the early nineteenth century that Franc... ...48 Revolution and Reform. impudently York, NY Berghahn Books, 2001.Fortescue, William. France and 1848 The End of Monarchy. Abingdon, Oxiford Routledge, 2005. Hessels, John. Lex Salica The Ten Texts with the G losses, and the Lex Emendata. London baseball field Media, 2005.Merriman, John. A History of Modern Europe from the Renaissance to the present, 3rd edition. New York, NY W.W. Norton, 2010.Rao, Raghavendra. History of Modern Europe Ad 1789-2002. New York, NY Sterling Publishers Pvt, 2005. Roberts, Williams. France A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. New York, NY Infobase Publishing, 2004.Sperber, Jonathan. The European Revolutions, 1848-1851. New York, NY Cambridge University Press, 2005.Winders, James. European Culture since 1848 From Modern to Postmodern and Beyond. Sydney, NSW Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.

Did Odyssues Bring The Trouble :: essays research papers

Did Odysseus and his men bring the string of catastrophes on themselves? Yes, they did get themselves into serious trouble. With a pompous attitude, the men prolonged their journey home to Ithaca. Those who did not start out Odysseus&8217s smarts, died because of this. When they raided the Cicones&8217 village, harassed Poseidon&8217s male child, and killed the Helios&8217s cattle, they punished themselves.Odysseus and his men stormed Cicones, and reeked massacre on all that lived there, even the sheep. They killed men who fought, robbed the citizens, and enslaved the women, and slaughtered the livestock, before dividing the loot between them. But this was a fatal mistake, for the Cicones had a great and powerful army. Odysseus&8217s shipmates fought a hard battle, but were defeated in the end. Many of their lives were lost. &8220 six-spot benches were left empty in e very ship. Their selfishness cost them friends and shipmates, and make their taste to get home, even more diffic ult. After stabbing Polyphemus in his center and blinding him, Odysseus provoked and harassed the Cyclops, which angered him immensely. &8220 Cyclops, if ever mortal patch inquire how you were put to shame and blinded, tell him Odysseus, raider of cities, took your eye Laertes&8217 son whose home&8217s on Ithaca, shouted Odysseus to the crippled Polyphemus, which was not very smart. If Odysseus had not told the Cyclops this incriminating information, he would have had a overmuch safer journey. Polyphemus begged his father Poseidon, god of earthquake, to curse Odysseus. The Cyclops cried out to his father to proceed Odysseus from returning home, and pleaded with him to let Odysseus lose his companions. Circe and Tiresias warned Odysseus and his men that it would be disastrous if the sunlight god&8217s cattle were harmed. Odysseus urged his men, who were fatigued, to avoid the island of the sun god, Thrinacia. Instead of heeding this sample the men landed on the island, but only after Odysseus made them swear not to interest the cattle. On the island, they did not just touch the cattle, they made a meal of them. Helios, the sun god, was infuriated, and he asked for restitution from Zeus. As a punishment for their crimes, the ruler of all gods threw down a go over of hot lighting and destroyed Odysseus&8217s ships.

Social Networking: A Modern Day Freak Show Essay -- Social Networking

The carnival grotesque, with its testicle evinces and abnormal humans, was really popular and controversial back in the late 18th to untimely 19th century, by then it had matured into a distinct throw of entertainment. In the 21st century, has the concept become dated? Has the bollock show been revealed for the mistreatment and subjugation of many poor human beings? We live in measure where many things that were once discriminated are now accepted and many kinds of pile recognized as members of society and although there are instances that would challenge that notion, it is hardly a minority. This represents the progress mankind has made to understand one another. simply has the idea of the freak show been abandoned with this new period? It is ill-omened to say that is not the case. In fact if anything it has only intensified with the development of society, particularly relating with technology and social networking. Social networking is the spectacle and barker in this descent of the freak show to modern times. It is because of social networking, that we can see examples of the freak show displayed in our daily lives. I want to explore this further, explaining in greater detail how the freak show and the carnival grotesque halt advanced with society as everything else and in fact plays on these advancements to post to the spectacle of the freak show and grotesque.Of course, technology is how we advance in society. In advancement, we scoop out on new cultures and let us abandoned many rude ideas. Social media sites like Facebook or Twitter are examples of how we have advanced in talking with more people and social networking. With that, people plead that it has led to more communication and not less (Observer) and makes sociali... ... 16 Nov. 2015. .Marche, Stephen. Is Facebook devising Us Lonely?. Atlantic. n. page. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. .Marynell Maloney Law Firm, . Is Facebook Turning You Into A Monster. EmilyVento. Blogger, 22 Mar 2012. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. .Mean Comments. 2010. Photograph. Mean CommentsWeb. 17 Dec 2013. .Nyoung, . freak shows for our times. Western Morning News. (2007) n. page. Print.The Observer, . Social networking under fresh attack as tide of cyber-scepticism sweeps US. Guardian. (2011) n. page. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. .

The Apprenticeship Of Duddy Kravitz Essay -- essays research papers

The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz by Mordecai Richler is the news report of a young parsimonious boy who feels that money is his path to gladness and pride. Duddy simply stomps all everyplace his friends and his family as well (to a received extent). Richler feels unreserved sympathy towards Duddy because, in essence, Duddy is Richler written down and diversified. Duddy is a timbre based on Mordecais own personality. Duddy Kravitz is a construction, a blackmailer and a cheat. However, Duddy Kravitz is Richler s crook and Duddy will never be abandoned. In The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, everyone but the Richler himself shuns Duddy. The entire concept of the novel was for Duddy to learn an important lesson, what makes soulfulness significant. The following is an instance where Richler does drag pity on the reader with his writing We betrayed you I suppose. Yes you did. He had spoken with such quiet and induction that she began to doubt herself. Youll come crawling, he said. I want you to know something. Id sue you. Id crimson get Irwin Shubert to win the case. entirely Virgil wont let me. He doesnt even want to hear most it any more.You hate me, Duddy dais. Is that possible?I think youre rotten. I wish you were dead.You dont understand, Yvette. wherefore cant I make you understand? Listen, Yvette, IBut she turned away from him.The separate above does show how the readers emotions are in turmoil because of the sort of ingeminate standard created when the story is t... The Apprenticeship Of Duddy Kravitz Essay -- essays research papers The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz by Mordecai Richler is the tale of a young greedy boy who feels that money is his path to happiness and pride. Duddy simply stomps all over his friends and his family as well (to a certain extent). Richler feels unreserved sympathy towards Duddy because, in essence, Duddy is Richler written down and diversified. Duddy is a character based on Mordecais own personality. Duddy Kravitz is a crook, a blackmailer and a cheat. However, Duddy Kravitz is Richler s crook and Duddy will never be abandoned. In The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, everyone but the Richler himself shuns Duddy. The entire concept of the novel was for Duddy to learn an important lesson, what makes someone significant. The following is an instance where Richler does force pity on the reader through his writing We betrayed you I suppose. Yes you did. He had spoken with such quiet and certainty that she began to doubt herself. Youll come crawling, he said. I want you to know something. Id sue you. Id even get Irwin Shubert to take the case. But Virgil wont let me. He doesnt even want to hear about it any more.You hate me, Duddy dais. Is that possible?I think youre rotten. I wish you were dead.You dont understand, Yvette. Why cant I make you understand? Listen, Yvette, IBut she turned away from him.The paragraph above does show how the readers emotions are in turmoil b ecause of the sort of double standard created when the story is t...

Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five as an Antiwar Novel :: Slaughterhouse-Five Essays

Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five as an Antiwar Novel War can call for and inspire people to umteen degrees. KurtVonnegut was inspired by war to release Slaughterhouse-Five,which is a unique volume referred to sometimes as a comprehensionfiction or semi-autobiographical novel. But, if facts areinferred in the novel, like the similarity of Vonnegut to billy goat Pilgrim, facts about(predicate) other characters (specificallythe Tralfamadorians), and the themes and structure of thenovel, another way of viewing this book can be seen that isas an anti war piece of writing. In fact, Vonnegutdemonstrates his own antiwar sentiments throughout thenovel. This novels main character, he-goat Pilgrim is likeVonnegut in many ship canal. Kurt Vonnegut is an American novelistfrom Indianapolis, Indiana, born in 1922. A very important stop of Vonneguts life was when he served in WWII, and wasa prisoner of war (prisoner of war) in Dresden, Germany. During thattime he experienced the firebombing of Dresden, whichaffected him greatly. This event had around 135,000causalities, which is about twice the number killed inHiroshima by the atomic bomb (1969 Kurt VonnegutsSlaughterhouse-Five). galore(postnominal) claim that his involvement in thewar is what made him write Slaughterhouse-Five. WhenVonnegut created billystick Pilgrim, he made Billy subject to theexperience of war. In fact, Billy experiences it almostexactly the same as Vonnegut himself had, including theexperiences of being a POW and in the firebombing ofDresden. But in Billys case, Vonnegut writes it witha particular point of view, which is against war. Forexample, when Vonnegut writes of the ways Billy viewsthings, especially in the war, he makes Billys viewslanted, which makes the reader grasp the war as

Three Contributions Of Chinese Immigrants Essay -- essays research pap

Three Contributions Of Chinese ImmigrantsThe Chinese pull up stakesed immigrating to the get together States in 1849. They left(a) China in search of a split t single. Life in China in the 1800s was veryhard. thither wasnt equal food, m geniusy and the cities were overpopulated. They comprehend about the United States and believed there was an opportunity to startover again. They hoped to start jobs on the railroad or to strike gold. Whenthey arrived in the United States, sprightliness was difficult. Laws were made whichdiscriminated against them. However, sluicetually they became a respected serving ofour society. They are liable for some contributions which are part ofAmerican life today. This essay entrust describe three of these contributionstwo products, nin-sin and tea, and one method of medicine, acupuncture.nin-sin is a perennial herb grown in China and different Asiatic countries.It is also grown in jointure American, but the Asian variety is thought to be mor evaluable. There are more legends and superstitions surrounding nin-sin. TheChinese have long believed that the ginseng is a remedy for many aliments and caneven make one live longer. However, westbound researchers are have been unable toprove this. Today, many manufacturers add ginseng to such products as hairtonics, shampoos, skin creams and even soft drinks. too ginseng can be boughtover the foreknow in drug stores under such names as Ginkoba and Ginsana. Ginkoba is suppositious to... Three Contributions Of Chinese Immigrants Essay -- essays research pap Three Contributions Of Chinese ImmigrantsThe Chinese started immigrating to the United States in 1849. Theyleft China in search of a better life. Life in China in the 1800s was veryhard. There wasnt enough food, money and the cities were overpopulated. Theyheard about the United States and believed there was an opportunity to startover again. They hoped to find jobs on the railroad or to strike gold. Whenth ey arrived in the United States, life was difficult. Laws were made whichdiscriminated against them. However, eventually they became a respected part ofour society. They are responsible for many contributions which are part ofAmerican life today. This essay will describe three of these contributionstwo products, ginseng and tea, and one method of medicine, acupuncture.Ginseng is a perennial herb grown in China and other Asian countries.It is also grown in North American, but the Asian variety is thought to be morevaluable. There are many legends and superstitions surrounding ginseng. TheChinese have long believed that the ginseng is a cure for many aliments and caneven make one live longer. However, Western researchers are have been unable toprove this. Today, many manufacturers add ginseng to such products as hairtonics, shampoos, skin creams and even soft drinks. Also ginseng can be boughtover the counter in drug stores under such names as Ginkoba and Ginsana. Ginkoba is supposed to...

El Ninos Wrath :: essays research papers

El Ninos WrathMicroscopic, photosynthetic phytoplankton produce cardinal whiz percent of the worlds Oxygen. A reduction in the worlds phytoplankton community would be detrimental to all sublunary and aquatic life. The event cognise as El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a complex interplay amongst the marine and the atmosphere causing a regress in the trade winds, which in turn moves warm urine system sight to opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean. Better known for its atmospheric effects, El Nino also plays an important role in reducing the phytoplankton population. El Nino halts the mathematical operation of upwelling, which moves nutrient wealthy water from the deep, up to the surrface. Upwelling is essential for the production of phytoplankton. Without phytoplankton as the base of the food chain in the ocean, all other aquatic life would cease to exist. El Nino can be attributed to the maturation of world(a) warming caused by Carbon Dioxide emissions into the atmos phere. El Nino will continue to increase proportionaly to the human races rising temperature and thus, reducing the worlds phytoplankton population resulting in catastrophic ecological effects as the base of the oceans food chain continues to be destroyed.Winds affect upwelling. Winds that blow on the coasts of North and South America drag the water along with them. The Earths rotation then deflects the resulting surface currents away from the coastlines. (Wallace 11) Because the surface water moves away, colder, nutrient-rich water comes up from below and replaces the previous warm water, a phenomenon known as upwelling. (Wallace 11) Basically, the wind blows towards the equator and the rotation of the Earth pulls the water away from grunge similar to the way a cube of ice stays in one place as you rotate a fruitcake of water. The glass could be interpreted as the Earth, and the ice cube as the hoi polloi of water. Relative to the glass, the ice or water stays in one spot as t he glass or Earth rotates around. The winds that blow along the equator also affect the properties of upwelled water and also the food chain. Without wind, the dividing layer between the warm surface water and the deep cold water, known as the thermocline, would be nearly flat but the winds drag the surface water westward, raising the thermocline nearly all the way up to the surface in the east and depressing it in the west. The cold water below the thermocline is rich in nutrients.

The Mask of Ra :: essays research papers

This book sucked, actually I didnt read it, it was to long and I had to little time.456555555555555554gfdgkldfaslksddlfsalfdsldlfksdfBack to essays.Home.Legislative Analysis for the field of study token(prenominal) Drinking Age Actby Alex Koroknay - PaliczThe National Minimum Drinking Age Act is perhaps the law that has the most touch on on the day-to-day lives of Americas youth since it was signed into law on July 17, 1984. humanity of music the 21-year-old inebriation succession seems imbedded in American society, it is yet a late(a) innovation. Most people do not know that the drinking age was only made a national law in 1984, and only after a determined battle by special lodge in groups.First and foremost this paper will discuss the history of the drinking age issue in America. Then covering the people compound in this issue. This bill concerned many notable politicians and lobbyists, fighting for it and against it they go forth their impact on the future of our natio n. These eminent people have asleep(p) down in history for the effect they have had on this piece of legislation. Following that this paper will delve into the lengthy process that is necessary for an idea to become a bill and finally be passed into law. both(prenominal) houses and several committees exerted their influence on this and helped it on its way. Special interest groups similarly had a profound effect on this piece of legislation. ultimately I will add my own conclusions about the bill and analyze the insurance-making process.The history of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act truly started back before breastwork. The temperance movement used selective forbidding (drinking ages) as a stepping stone approach to their goal of outlawing all alcohol. Finally they did achieve the goal of total Prohibition of alcohol, and in 1919 the 18th amendment to the shaping was ratified. Although do to the seemingly ineffectualness of Prohibition and the change in unexclusive opinion, the 18th amendment was in 1933 repealed by the 21st amendment. What followed was a compromise with the inert temperance movement and the modern drinking age was established. "The political chastening of general Prohibition meant that American adults would increasingly focus justifications for alcohol policy less on the perils of drunkenness and more on the tenuous impression that adults can drink properly but youths cannot or should not." (Males 190)From the end of Prohibition until 1984 drinking ages were determined by the states, many of them had the age at 21 while several lowered the age to 18 for the purchase of beer.

Emotion and Intellect in the Works from Terezin Essays -- Holocaust Li

Emotion and Intellect in the Works from Terezin In the refer enterprisingness Art Speigelmans Maus A Survivor s Tale. I My produceBleeds History, Adolf Hitler expresses his urge to rob the Jewish people of their humansity The Jews are doubtless a race, but they are not human (9D). Hitlersquote begs for a response What makes ace human? Many scholars and scient ist wouldargue that it is t he efficiency to think and reason t hat defines the human species. I wouldargue that it is a combination of the ability to reason with the ability to feel. In ElieWiesel s Night, it is his passionate anger at his spirituality alongside his intellectualstruggle with that spirituality that screams out his humanity What are You, my God, Ithought angrily, compared to this afflicted crowd proclaiming to You their faith . . . (63). In the range of final solution literature, there is a range of emotion mixed withintellect, and this combination creates a picture of human beauty. One can witness thisran ge in Wiesel s anger and disillusionment (62, 63) and in Speigelman s father s loveand frugality (157). It is the ability to think about and feel something towards one ssituation that makes one human. In the painting Sailboat (56-57) and the poetryBirdsong (80-81) fro m the collection I never Saw another(prenominal) Butt erfly Children sDrawings and Poems from Terezin Concentration Camp, 1942-1944, one can see how arange o f emotions combined with reason creat e an infallible portrait of humanity. In Sailboat an anonymous child artist expresses both(prenominal) emotion and intellectthrough color choice and subject upshot (56-57). The artist portrays night as a blackabyss followed by a teal-gray sky dotted w... ...r Saw Another Butt erfly Children s Drawings and Po ems from Terezin Concentration Camp, 1942-1944. Ed. Hana Volavkova. 2nd ed. spic-and-span York Schocken Books, 1978. 56-57.Spiegelman, Art. Maus A Survivor s Tale, I. My Father Bleeds History. New York Pantheon Books , 1986.Stargar, Nicholas. Children s Art of the Holocaust. Past & Present. Nov. 1998.Electronic. Expanded pedantic Index ASAP. 10 February 2001.Weil, Jiri. Epilogue. I Never Saw Anot her Butterfly Children s Drawings and Poems from Terezin Concentration Camp, 1942-1944. Ed. Hana Volavkova. 2nd ed. New York Schocken Books, 1978. 101-104.Wiesel, Elie. Night. New York Bantam Books, 1982.Weissova, Helga. Lights Out. I Never Saw Another Butt erfly Children s Drawings and Poems from Terezin Concentration Camp, 1942-1944. Ed. Hana Volavkova. 2nd ed. New York Schocken Books, 1978. 22, 24.

Law Of Nations: An Overview :: essays research papers

Law of Nations An OverviewHuman nature consists of three basic components. These are to live, to dispel and to dominate. If Humanity was left without any other parameters,this natural state of organism would govern its behavior. Fortunately, thereare parameters that exist. These parameters are constabulary. The topic of this paperaddresses the flake of constabulary that operates in creating potential boundaries forthe behavior of states. This legal philosophy is called the Law of Nations or world(prenominal)law. Patrick Moynihan, a senator from New York, has written a book on thissubject called On the Law of Nations. His book argues that states need internationalistic law to monitor their actions and to maintain order. He alsonotes the frequent departures states do from international law. This essaywill reflect his plea to return to the norms that international law providesit will also discuss and identify the moral dilemmas that are wassail withinternational law and its relat ionship with states.     The term "laisser aller" or "letting go" is used by Friedrich Nietzscheto describe this state of nature, in which man resides absently of law. Hisuse of the term represents the struggle morality wages against nature andreason. He equates morality in any form, with "tyranny and unreason."Nietzsche proposes that mans natural existence be, in essence, nihilistic.Logically, the political entity known as the state, created by man will acquirethese traits. Thus, the conclusion is that the creation and institution ofinternational law are in direct violation to nature.     However, international law exists and states "generally" submitthemselves to it. . Since roughly of this law is derived from codified norms ofstates, the term submission can be used. in that respect is a disservice committed tohumanity when the law is broken, not provided to those who are weaker in the globalcommunity but to the law itself. A violent raping of the law is committed whenit is taken in an a la carte form. The constant shifting back and forth frominternational law to nature creates an incoherent system and a basis forcalling the black eye to the natural state, evil. In this setting "illegal"unilateral action is immoral. Conversely, the bond to the law is equallyimmoral. This conclusion is drawn from the virtue of integrity. Either confuse acommitment to comply with morality or completely stop from a hypocriticalform of servicing the law with words and no conformity. Consistency, is anextremely important factor of a system of law.     Moynihan argues that the United realm has begun to traverse a pathleading away from its adherence to international law.

Olympic Controversies :: Political Politics

prodigious ControversiesThe most important amour at the exceeding Games is not to win, but to take part, just as the important thing about life is not to conquer but to struggle well. The talking to spoken by Pierre de Coubertin, father of the Modern Summer prodigious Games. Baron Pierre de Coubertin may soak up intended for the new Olympic Games to be a period of concord in which all differences of status, religion, governing and race would be forgotten but unfortunately as the Games have progressed, so too have the political overtones associated with them. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, by revitalising the ancient Olympic Games hoped that competition in sports would lead to a new supranational friendship and better cooperation amongst the nations, whilst also allowing athletes to be exposed to different determine than those of their own. It is with misfortune that the Olympic Games have taken an unexpected turn and atomic number 18 used time and time again as other cadence for the ultimate victory, the ultimate dominance, the ultimate triumph on the institution stage. In the commotion of the promotion of the Olympic Games, it is often forgotten that the original principles of the games include that individuals were to be contested against one another, and that countries played no part. In fact, in the first Olympiads, there were no formal teams of nations, rather an assortment of individuals who came to capital of Greece on their own expense for their own purposes. As the Olympic Games progressed, it became more than and more apparent for participating nations that it was an excellent opportunity to promote their country. per materialise it has something to do with the fact that the Olympic Games is relayed to countries all over the world, exposing it onto a world audience. Even before technological advances of television, the Olympic Games were used by the countries to rise themselves amongst one another. Even in the first Olympiad of 1896 in At hens, the realisation of the chance or promotion was evident, the Greek royal family of George I used the games as a device to build its power. In addition, when television was initially introduced, the prospect of photograph was heightened. Although television was first used to transmit images from one country to another in the Summer Olympic Games of 1960 in Rome, it was further intensified in 1964 in Tokyo. The mayor of Tokyo announced that without the Olympics, Japan would not have risen to its high position so fast.