Drama Part 1 Essay Example for Free

Drama Part 1 EssayThe piece of Drama we have growd is c all tolded The Fear of the Unknown. We looked at various ways of interpreting the title onward agreeing on a suitable theme. Our fib covers the death of a character and studies the reactions of characters in different situations. The actual cause of death is left to the imagination and is neer actually mentioned. This links in with the title we were given. I am going to compare The fear of the unknown with the play The Woman in Black by Susan Hill and adapted by Steven Mallatratt. I will also use the Crucible text by Arthur Miller and Blue Remembered Hills text. In the Woman in Black as the actor approaches the house a gobo is shown to show Eel marsh house in the background. The house seems large and foreboding. This helps create an air of suspense with the auditory sense who already have heard about the woman in black. This happens again when the actor approaches the approach to the playroom whilst the music plays. Si milarly, the actors in The Fear of the unknown create tension whilst approaching the house by talking quietly and discuss the house in their ghost story.The curse of the Woman in Black is confusable to the curse placed on the house where a girl died many years ago. Many other race tell the story of the woman in black. The actor isnt superstitious so ignores them. He is lucky to escape with his life. In the fear of the unknown Stacey warns Sadie about the curse in the house where the girl died, Sadie believes the story but then still goes in the house, and doesnt return. This could also be compared to in the Crucible where the suspicion of witchcraft underlies everything. In the beginning of the play many volume didnt even have suspicion of witches.Though the idea there were witches living within a community ate away at the people until people died. Many innocent people ended up hanging for witchcraft. The imagination of characters in the play we performed added to the tension cre ated. This occurred frequently during the piece, for example when Charlie and Sadie appear at the door to Staceys party Stacey looks Sadie up and down. Sadie is instantly terrified of Stacey even though this is normal behaviour in her characters case. The same thing happens in Blue Remembered Hills when the siren goes to symptom that a prisoner of war has escaped.Every noise sounds like the war prisoner approaching them and all the children believe the prisoner of war would kill them. You nates also compare it to the Crucible where everyone suspects everyone else to be witches, and everyone turns on everybody else causing more havoc. To some extent this also happens in The Woman in Black as the actor is met by suspicious and hostile reactions when he attends the ladies funeral. Also everybody in the village believes in The Woman in Black and her terrible curse, this means all the characters would be on edge.In conclusion, I think our drama performance went well, our preparation co uld have been better but we all had different school activities on, which do it hard to rehearse. Near to the end of our rehearsals we threw one member of our cast out. This put us at a disadvantage but meant we bestowed better as a group in the end as we were all striving for a common goal. Our original ideas included Bullying and the consequences of bullying, Relationships, and problems that could never be solved. We decided to work on the events leading up to an unnecessary death.

The Life and Presidency which were ended Essay Example for Free

The Life and Presidency which were ended EssayHe was the root American President to be born(p) in the twenty-first century. He became the first American President of Roman Catholic religion. At the age of 43, he was the youngest man ever to assume the bathroom of the chief executive of the United States of America. He was also the youngest ever chairwoman to die while his term as president has not yet ended. On the afternoon of the 22nd day of November 1963, an assassin bullet killed the accordingly President thaumaturgy Fitzgerald Kennedy (Rabe 63). It marked the end of his young feeling as tumefy as his term in office which he was only able to serve for two years and ten months.The rest of the world mourned his sudden demolition. Members of royalty, premiers, and presidents be his funeral. The then Vice President Lyndon B. jakesson assumed the presidency following his assassination (Barnes 8). It was his in the altogether Frontier program that earned him the edge to ultimately succeed in the presidential race (Schlesinger). Kennedy represented the Democratic Party. The then Vice President Richard M. Nixon of the Republican Party was his opp mavinnt (Scott 290). Kennedy earned international respect as the leader of the apologise World (Barnes 60).By the year 1962, Kennedy significantly augmented the countrifieds prestige the s he prevented a nuclear war from happening. This move strained the Soviets to pull out missiles from Communist Cuba (Rabe 4). It also signed the start of the period of thaw during the Cold War while relationships between the area and the Soviet brotherhood grew friendlier. During the year 1963, a treaty prohibiting underwater and or above the ground nuclear weapons testing was signed by the both countries counting as strong over a hundred other nations. On the domestic scene however, the country enjoyed the highest peak of its wealth during this point in time.The demands of the people of color for civilized rights produced major domestic crises. However, the people of color were able to achieve more significant developments in their pursuit for equal rights than ever before since the Civil War. The first manned space expedition by Americans happened during President Kennedys term of office. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration also geared up to post astronauts to the moon during this time (Schlesinger 920). Kennedys Political Career Several Democratic leaders believed that Kennedy possessed quite a lot of weaknesses as a presidential aspirant.According to them, one of Kennedys major disadvantages as a presidential candidate was his faith. Among the other potential weaknesses include the presidential aspirants intercourse inadequate experience in dealing with international affairs, the Kennedy familys wealth, as well as John F. Kennedys youth. Some members of the Democratic Party contradictory Kennedy for the reason that they deemed that the presidential aspirant is too conserv ative. The presidential campaign of 1960 was quite a hard-fought battle. Kennedy and his opponent, Nixon were both spirited and young campaigners.Initially, most experts assumed that Kennedys opponent would be held victor of the election (Barnes 69). Nixon earned the advantage of part as Eisenhowers Vice President (Barnes 33). It is important to take into consideration that Eisenhower was an extraordinarily popular President. Nonetheless, John F. Kennedy was not as anonymous as some people consider him to be. His beautiful wife, Jackie, his affluence, and his good looks caused him to become a popular egress of magazine and broadsheet articles. His exposures in television obtain also been of great help to his political career.His four debates opposite Vice President Nixon were aired on television during that time (Barnes 75). The debates they had signaled the start of presidential aspirants arguing nearly campaign issues confronting each other (Author ). The debates Kennedy and N ixon had helped the former in gaining nationwide recognition. Kennedys self-confidence assist in his response to criticisms that he lacked the maturity required for assuming the chief executive position in the country. Kennedy as President He was inaugurated to the highest seat in government on the 20th day of January 1961 (Schlesinger 120).When Kennedy assumed the responsibility of the federal government, he was confronted by internal problems which include a slow-moving economy, unemployment, and augmented racial tensions. Moreover, in terms of international relations, Kennedy dealt with the ongoing spread of Communist influence as well as the threat of nuclear warfare (Barnes 105). His program called the New Frontier went on a slow start. However, the 87th Congress in conclusion started passing actions supported by the Kennedy government (Schlesinger 1081). The Congress endorsed the aid to economically depressed areas in April of 1961.In the following month, they allowed an inc rease in the minimum wage per hour from a dollar to a dollar and twenty five cents. They approved Kennedys Trade Expansion Act in September of 1962. It gave Kennedy extensive authority to reduce tariffs in order for the country to engage in a drop by the wayside trade with the European Common Market (Schlesinger 844). The United States Peace Corps was one of the most successful programs of his administration (Rabe 5). The corps deployed thousands of Americans overseas to aid the citizens in developing countries to improve their standards of living.The President restructured the countrys defense strategies by increasing standard military hardware. Kennedy sought to be equipped for non-nuclear warfare as well as to exert all possible efforts to prevent the use of nuclear weapons of destruction (Schlesinger 825). One of the chief domestic concerns during his term as president was the demands of the people of color for equal rights. With the intention to meet the rising demands of the people of color, the President called on the Congress to ratify a legislation which would require restaurants, motels, and hotels to acknowledge customers regardless of race (Spencer 29).Furthermore, Kennedy likewise called on the Congress to give the authority to the attorney general to start court suits to desegregate academic institutions on behalf of confidential citizens who were not able to begin taking legal actions on their own (Spencer 30). His character assassination and his Legacy On the fateful day of November 22, 1963, while their motorcade traveled on the streets of Dallas, the President was assassinated through a series of fatal gun shots which took his life (Spencer 5). The President arrived at Dallas along with the First Lady, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and Mrs. Johnson.The immemorial goal of their visit was to settle the tension in the Texas Democratic Party prior to the 1964 Presidential campaign wherein the President considered running for a second term . The concourse passed through the streets of Dallas in Texas in a motorcade as they head to the Dallas Trade Mart. The motorcade approached an expressway at the final leg of the trip at around 12. 30 in the afternoon (Barnes 136). All of a sudden, three gun shots were heard as President Kennedy fell down after the bullets stroke his neck and head. The doctors who attended on the wounded President did their best in a desperate attempt to save his life.However, the doctors said that the President had no chance of survival the moment he was brought to the hospital. The untimely demise of the spirited and youthful President stunned the rest of the world. The bequest of his short-lived term as chief executive of the county is one of hope instead of an enduring achievement. He assumed the highest position in the country at a time that is regarded to be one of the most self-destructive periods in American history. Nonetheless, although he may have had a frequently turbulent term in off ice, it still remained vibrant. Ultimately, however, his legacy was one that is emotional.Kennedys legacy is a nostalgic commemoration of his short term presidency at a time when a new generation was in control and the country had an utterly glamorous and a well-renowned head of state. Perhaps, it is Americas version of Camelot. Although it was not for real, it is enough to cling onto until the divisiveness and unattractiveness set in (Rabe 6). The debate over the legacy of Kennedy as a chief executive and as a person remains unabated. To most of his fellow men and women, pointly those who came of age during his term of office, a sense of lost idealism and nostalgia continues to linger upon him.In recent times, however, revisionist historians have stressed his defects the manner in which he and his brother, Robert bended the law while serving government positions by means of wiretapping and intimidating their political opponents, his numerous affairs and willingness to conceal the truth behind his health condition from his fellow men and women, the direct to which his political career was sustained by his fathers wealth and influence, and his international relations policy errors in the Bay of Pigs and Vietnam (Schlesinger 293).A fair rating of his presidency is supposed to acknowledge his shortcomings at the same time credit his unquestionable achievements. Kennedy may have made a huge mistake in the Bay of Pigs. Nonetheless, he was able to prevent a nuclear warfare happening between the Soviets and Communist Cuba and parlayed his detente into notable agreements like the nuclear test-ban treaty. Kennedy may have failed to meet expectations in terms of affording the same civil liberties enjoyed by whites.Still, his instrumental support for the people of color was significant in their struggle in ambition to segregation. On one hand, there are those who claim that if the assassination of Kennedy had not taken place, he may have done the same mistakes in Vi etnam which ultimately pulled his successor down (Rabe 148). On the other hand, there are those who claim that Kennedy had an ability to rise to occasion in crucial moments, initially as a war hero and ultimately as the chief executive of the United States (Barnes 13).Perhaps most notably, by means of his rhetoric to unify the nation as well as by mean of his programs such as the Peace Corps, Kennedy inspired a generation of Americans in a manner that very few chief executives who have ever served the country were able to do during their term of office (Rabe 5). Having done so, Kennedy very well deserves the respect and admiration afforded to him. Controversy as well as mystery lingers around his death.There are those who regard his assassination as a horrible incident which signaled the end of the public sinlessness and marked the start of the social and political turmoil usually associated to the 1960s (Spencer 5). Even though Kennedys life and presidency ended all of a sudden, he was still able to leave behind a valuable political and personal legacy to his people and to the rest of the world. During his period, not everyone was enthusiastic about his actions as a President.Kennedy was looking forward that his trip to Dallas would strengthen relations between his government and the powerful, mostly Republican traditionalists who reside there. Even though he was very much aware of the opposition many of the locals there have towards him, Kennedy still had faith in the power of connecting with and reaching out with the residents and the political figures of that particular metropolis in Texas (Spencer 6). No one could have thought the Presidents trip to the city would end in a tragic way. His death permanently changed the way in which succeeding presidents mingle with, and is protected from the public.He was shot to death while he was sitting in a transmutable car with the top down. From then on, no other chief executive of the nation sat in a vehicle whic h is not protected with a bulletproof shield (Spencer 6). The moment he was shot to death, presidential assassination is not considered to be a federal crime (Spencer 6). Thus, the police force of the city headed the investigation of the crime. Eventually, it was made clear that crimes of such magnitude could require the involvement of federal agents like those working for the Central Intelligence Agency as well as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (Spencer 7).Kennedys death likewise signaled significant technological as well as cultural changes in the country. tidings aired on television came of age reporting about his assassination as well as the events which followed thereafter. The arrest as well as the eventual murder of his suspected assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald was also aired on television (Spencer 7). The eternal legacy of his death may be something that is not certain. Nonetheless, he bodily a youthful optimism and dynamism which inspired not only his fellow men and wome n but people from all around the world too. He has the power, the wealth, and the youth.He kept his commitment to equality and freedom while serving his country and his people. As the chief executive, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was able to establish a public discover greatly appealing to much of America. He inspired in many of his fellow men and women strong idealism and optimism, and he appeared prepared to carry the country out of one of the most challenging period in its history. Kennedys term as president and his young life may have been all of a sudden concluded by bullet shots from a gun, reducing not only his native country but the rest of the world as well in a period of great grief.His death was definitely tragic. Even so, it generated the impact of amplifying as well as reinforcing his legacy. Although Kennedys moments of presidential brilliance were interrupted by occasions of uncertainty, he is nonetheless cherished and respected by most people. How much greater he could have achieved, how farther he could have reached had his life not ended in an untimely death are among the most provoking inquiries that can never be given definite answers.Works CitedBarnes, John A. John F. Kennedy on Leadership The Lessons and Legacy of a President. New York AMACOM Division of American Management Association, 2005. Rabe, Stephen G. The Most Dangerous Area in the World John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America. North Carolina UNC Press, 1999. Schlesinger, Arthur Meier. A Thousand Days. Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002. Scott, Peter Dale. Deep Politics and the Death of JFK. California University of California Press, 1996. Spencer, Lauren. The Assassination of John F. Kennedy. New York The Rosen Publishing Group, 2002.

European Union And Its Application In Zara Commerce Essay

European fraternity And Its Application In Zara Commerce EssayIn todays warlike world, the organisations gather in to focus on the emergence of effective logistics and write out chain that will ensure that it is open to meet the demands of its guests at a consistent pace. With the advent of time and increased trend of globalization across the world, the work barriers atomic number 18 fading out and favourable trade policies are promoting fast and alert exchange of goods and services (European Commission, 2010).The current trend in the grocery is creation of an integrated logistics and allow for chain infrastructure that is supported by the technologic exclusivelyy advanced corpses much(prenominal) as SAP, Enterprise Resource mean (ERP), E-Retailing, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and many to a greater extent(prenominal) (European Logistics Report, 2012). All leading corporations that are operating on international level have ensured that they have a well-coor dinated confer Chain Management and Logistics system that will employ the vanquish systems for procurement, warehousing, muniment prudence, storage and inbound and outbound logistics (Johnson Turner, 2006).In order to gain competitive edge in the marketplace especially European market, the logistics and supply chain system has to be developed after exploiting all addressable options so that the inventory is effectively managed and in that location is proper balance amongst the demand and supply of raw materials, inventory and goods (DeMeyer, Van Dierdanck Vercecke, 1996). There has been drastic shift in the European Logistics and Supply Chain Business operating systems as its market has been transformed into integrity market that allows the operating firms to move advantage of various economies of scale.European Logistics and Supply Chain SystemIn the European economy, both logistics and transport are considered to be its primary means of support that have mean the contr ibuting constituent in the square-built product of economy. According to European Union (2012), in that respect is strong relationship between the economic growth and level of raptus escalation. It is believed to be the fundamental part of every society that is the principal(prenominal) factor for intensive growth of every spheres economy and creates ample opportunities of job for the citizens. In European Union, more than ten million people are employed in the transport and logistics industry which makes a signifi merchant shipt contribution in GDP i.e. almost 5% (Evans, 2000).The European Commission (2011) highlighted in its annual report that a well-developed system of transportation is the primary driving force for high-energy performance of the member states. For all European companies, their logistics are the vital areas of concern as the storage and transport greet accounts for round 10-15% of the total invoke of a product that is completed and finished. around e very corporation is spending certain percentage of the bud set forth on effective transportation system for its goods and services which is usually about 13.2% (European Commission, 2011).The market of European Union fucking work smoothly only when there is a well-integrated transport system which provides assistance in free movement of the goods within its ground it is mandatory for the cohesion of territories and long-term economic growth. The pre-requisite for an effective logistics and supply chain system is the transport system that has interoperability of networks and harmonisation among rules.European Transport PolicyIn order to develop an excellent and well-defined European Transport Policy for the inviolate European Union region, the European Commission has undertaken various steps to treat the obstacles that are hampering the creation of an effective transport system. It is reported by European Commission (2012) and Harps (2002) that the region is the central hub for manufacturing of products for various leading companies and they are looking for accurate logistics and supply chain system that nookie boost their performance in the market. The key mediums of transportation used are air, sea, road and rail but the modish trend is of intermodality.Intermodality is defined as the mechanism in which different modes of transportation are used along the entire chain of transportation to ensure that the overall supply chain system is effective and promotes the attainment of desired efficient logistics system objectives (Tseng, Yue Taylor, 2005). The European Transport Policy has been developed to provide guidance to the companies about developing an appropriate and highly efficient logistics and supply chain system so that they can supply goods and services with precision worldwide (Cooper, Browne Peters, 1994).Since there are many companies that are operating in European Union region, both markets and European Transport Policy have been modified to a great extent to incorporate all the requirements of the players of the diversified industries ().Changes in European Market for enhanced growth of Logistics and Supply Chain systemUp till now, the market of European Union has evolved from national emphasis to regional and finally to pan-European but now it is moving more towards customer-oriented. With the advent of Single Market which is also cognize as Common Market, the logistics networks of all companies have evolved and they have been developed to ensure compliance with the latest market trends (EIU, 1999).The organisations are restructuring their strategies of distribution in Europe and regular revisiting their networks so that they can move closer to internationalisation by sourcing the products from other fields and ensure supply of products from genius central location (). The tuitional phases of the single market can be broken down into three parts i.e. pre-1993 period, 1993-present period and future period.In pr e-1993 period, there was no specific European logistics outline has European Union was not established at that time. All companies had a single national setup along with a distribution centre that was primed(p) in every major country of their operation. every(prenominal) organisation used to do sourcing directly from the plants of manufacturing present in Europe and the logistics strategy differed among every country as it was developed in accordance to the respective country. Most of the offerings for supply chain services were similar as the providers followed the one-size-fits-all concept. The domestic carriers were the main source of transportation and majority of the third-party logistics providers were either regional or local companies (Harps, 2002).Larsen (2000) has stated that after the formation of European Union, all member states have been able to achieve robust growth in their economic performance and they have exploited all benefits for doing expansion globally at an accelerating rate. After the era of 1993, European Union exposed its borders internally because global outsourcing was heavily demanded by the companies and factories of the manufacturers were starting to become focussed on global level. As a result of shift in the logistics strategy, the organisations revamped their supply chain management structures so that they were consistent with the European Logistics and Supply Chain Business Operations System.In major countries across Europe, the Pan-European Distribution Centres marked their developments in the region and they extended their importance by incorporating all processes required in the effectiveness of logistics and supply chain system. These centres postponed the role of manufacturing and combined some value-added activities to various handed-down activities such as receiving of raw materials, transportation of inventory and shipment of the finished goods. In fact, Pan-European Distribution Centres allowed the companies t o transfer their transport needs to the integrators who had the facilities of doing direct shipment from one central location (McDonald Deardsen, 1994).With the help of the centralised and Pan-European networks of distribution the products were easily shipped to the customers living in far off distant places and they helped the companies in saving grand make out of time and money. However, the companies are changing their logistics and supply chain systems to develop a perfect blend of both decentralised and centralised facilities for distribution so that they can strategically fulfil all their business objectives. With the developments taking place at an accelerating pace in the market, the entire logistics and supply chain system will get extraordinary efficient and competent for the organisations (Cousins, Lawson Squire, 2006).Key Drivers of change in European Transport PolicySince transport is the crucial element of logistics and supply chain system, the European Transport P olicy has been developed by the European Commission so that the companies can abide by the laws related to the transportation policy. According to Walker and Jones (2012), the main driving forces that are impacting the European Transport Policy are as followsPolitical Developments The liberalisation in the transport sector like US-EU Open Skies possible action has a significant impact on Europe as it is expected to increase the traffic and create competition within the region. The international liberalisation of the trade has even boosted the transport as there is an increase in need of transportation of goods and services because of growing trend of outsourcing. There has been a rise in the environmental concerns which is leading immense pressure on sustainability within the environment.Economic Developments There are many economic drivers that are impacting the development of Europes economy on the targeted level. The key economic factor impacting the economy is the rising oil prices along with an increase in the transportation level that is closely linked to the economic growth level. As the income of people is increasing, there is an increase in the number of car ownerships and there is an increase in the GDP of the country as a whole.environmental Issues The environment is one of the main areas of concern for any country and the transport sector has responsibility of about 28% of the Carbon dioxide emissions in European Union. The policymakers are identifying the alternatives that control the emission of Carbon dioxide by investigation various options for the road transport. As a result of growth in transport, the routes have become engorged that have been hampering the transportation at both commercial and passenger level.Technological Drivers Since both increase in prices of fuel and environmental issues are primary areas of apprehension, there is an increase in the work of researchers to indentify excellent alternatives for the transport technolog ies. However, an enhanced level of efficiency is expected in the transportation of all goods by adoption of latest technologies such as RFID.Socio-demographic Changes The European workforce is getting older now and there is a huge reduction in the labour force. The companies are coerce to recruit women in the manufacturing and logistics sector. The organisations are even compelled to provide additional training to the workforce so that their skills are enhanced and they have to incur more cost for recruiting new workers who are more competent and skilled.ZARA Leading Fashion Retailer in EuropeZARA is a top-ranked Spanish retailer of clothing and accessories that is headquartered in Artexio, Galicio. It was founded by Rosalia Mera and Amancio Ortega in 1975 and it is the leading flagship chain store of the Inditex group. ZARA has been successfully meeting the demands of its customers by employing an entirely different strategy from its competitors. According to Zhelyazkov (2011), ZARA follows a differentiation strategy of Porters generic wine strategies and focuses on enhancing the value chain by developing highly efficient and effective logistics, distribution and supply chain system.According to Cook, Heiser and Sengupta (2011), ZARA used to follow time-to-market strategy i.e. competing on the basis of time before the formation of European Union. After 1993, it shifted its policy to agile supply chain which meant that every step in logistics and supply chain was visible and well-coordinated. It is believed that the company needs only two weeks of time to develop the unique products and deliver them to the stores and it has made a reputation of launching more than ten thousand new tendencys on yearly basis (About US, 2012). The three key success factors of ZARA are short lead times, limited number of products and enormous range of styles.Agile supply chain of ZARAIn order to get competitive edge in the market, ZARA is employing an agile supply chain whic h allows it to make the best use of Quick-Response System. Agile supply chain is described as the supply chain in which all elements work together in the form of a cross-functional team with the aim of eliminating unnecessary steps and predicting the demands of customers beforehand so that the products are available in advance in the market (Zhelyazkov, 2011). ZARA has been successful in the market because of its focus on designing of an excellent and efficient logistics and supply chain system.The entire process of supplying the goods to ZARA stores is started at the cross-functional teams who are working in the design department located at the headquarters of company in La Coruna. Almost all the designs are contemporary and inspiration for them is drawn from conducting various researches in the market by visiting university campuses, pubs, fashion shows, competitors offerings and cafes in addition to other places where the target customers can be found. Further data about the cust omers is gathered from epic poem data and online sources from across the websites.When the design that has been proposed is accepted, the specialists of commercial department move ahead with their tasks and do negotiation with the suppliers, decide about the purchasing price, carefully analyse the cost and margins and then fix price position of cross-currency for garments. It has a global sourcing policy which is organised by the buying offices present in the Netherlands, China and UK the wide supplier base ensures that the best fabric is selected and there is less risk of dependence on one supplier.More than 40% of the garments which have the least transitory appeal are mainly imported in the form of finished goods from various low-cost centres of manufacturing located in the Far East, while, the rest are produced on quick responses in Spain by using the automated factories of ZARA that has a small network of contractile organs (Godsell et al., 2011).Value Chain Analysis of ZARAZA RA ensures that there is a proper balance between in-house and outsourcing operations. The operations that enhance the cost-efficiency of the company via economies of scale are done in-house such as packaging, labelling, cutting and dyeing. The labour-intensive tasks required at the finishing stages are usually done by the subcontractors network that comprises of more than 300 firms and each one of them has specialisation in specific garment type or process of production.In order to respond quickly to the demands of the customers, the process is fictile and the production level is always kept slightly less that the expected level of sales so that the stock is always moving. It believes in having under-supply of stock as opposed to stocking huge amount of inventory. When the finished goods have been labelled, packaged and price-tagged, they are then transported by the third-party contractor either by road or air to their destinations. There is only one distribution centre that is lo cated in the companys headquarters i.e. La Coruna. Every store of ZARA gets fresh stock twice a week that has been pre-determined by the design department of the company (Zhelyazkov, 2011).Figure Designing, production and marketing cycle of ZARA(Source Godsell et al., 2011)The entire cycle of designing, production and marketing has declined to 22-30 days that is too less when compared to the industry average of nine months as the lead time. The main factor that has supported such an efficient logistics and supply chain system is the investment in Information technology. The 500,000 sq m. and five storey centre of logistics comprises of about 200 kilometres of moving rails along with an automated routing system that delivers all electronically tagged garments at the proper bays of loading for dispersal through the third party distributors.Almost all the products can be dispatched within eight hours of their arrival and it has been found that almost 98.9% perfect and the shrinkage le vel is even less than 0.5%.Implications of changes in EU PolicyWith the changes in EU Policy especially transport policy, ZARA has been able to develop a highly competent logistics and supply chain system. It has been able to utilise all available options within European countries to a maximum level. With the help of development of a good logistics system within the region, the transportation of goods, materials and inventory has become quick and responding to the customer changes on fast pace has become convenient for the companies. The biggest advantage for ZARA has been that it has been able to expand into European countries strategically and has even exploited all available opportunities so that it can maintain its core competencies in the production and operations area.Future of Logistics and Supply Chain System in European UnionSince European Union is continuously striving to develop a good transportation system for development of an effective logistics and supply chain, there are huge chances that the countries are able to take advantage of developments in the transport and logistics sector. In years ahead, there kind of revolutions are expected in this sector i.e. increased trade globalisation, development of the information era and continuously changing preferences and demands of customers.In order to provide excellent logistics and transport sector to the companies, the concerned authorities will have to take certain steps to develop the best logistics and supply chain system for the business operations. Some of the suggestions made by the European Commission (2012) arebetter interoperability by standardising the processes of loading units.Set up an entire network of transfer of nodes across Europe.Eradicating all differences found in the national regulations that are the barriers for achievement of flexible and smooth interoperability around Europe.Using Information Technology to boost the performance of key players and define a single most authenti c and worthwhile ICT system that can meet all requirements of the participants.Ensuring harmonisation of paperwork and reducing and simplifying the number of the documents required for transportation.Review the current regulations at both international and European levels for development of an snuggle that is integrated for implementation of the measures required for security related to the transportation along with the assessment of risk along the entire chain.Enhance the co-operation among the players among the supply chain that can result in improved competitiveness via the reduced costs, high service quality and smaller lead times.ConclusionAll organisations that are competing in todays dynamic and ever changing environment have to ensure that they have a well-coordinated and highly integrated transport and logistics system that will allow them to meet the requirements of their customers. E-commerce and RFID are gaining immense popularity in the market and it is expected that t he every supply chain will have to employ these technologies in their systems to have an efficient inventory management system along with warehousing facilities, cordial relations with suppliers and enhanced production locations that assist in appropriate deployment of finished goods.Third party logistics service providers have become an integral part of the entire logistics and supply chain systems and it is vital for the companies to implement an appropriate policy of logistics management. All the companies in Europe have huge potential of growth as the trade barriers have faded and there are ample opportunities available for them to enhance their production and operations within the region. Hence, European Union offers immense range of options to the organisations for development of a cost-effective and flexible logistics and supply chain system for efficient management of their business operations.

Monoclonal Antibodies as a Therapeutic Approach for Cancer

Monoclonal Antibodies as a Therapeutic Approach for CancerINTRODUCTIONMonoclonal anti-body pubic lo single-valued function therapy is one of the most suitable therapeutic approach for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors for the past several years. This therapy of monoclonal anti-body join target booth, increase immune system, kills bear on cells and slows tumour growth in patient. It is a laboratory produce mixture of homogenous anti-body molecules with empathy towards a particular antigen being generated by using a hybridoma by unite a B-cell with a integrity lineage of cells containing a specific antibody gene. A host of similar cells be produced that secrete the same anti-body. Owing to its specificity and steep reproducibility, MAbs argon more advantageous over polyclonal antibodies. MAbs argon more often employ in variety of applications handle, research and diagnosis, therapeutic tools in pubic louse and immunological disorder, pharmaceutical companycy, etc, a s such argon in huge necessitate in industry. Due to its laid-back specificity, MAbs are increasingly use for basic immunological and molecular(a) research and feed proven desir major power. They are used in human therapy, messcer therapy, diagnosis of disease, commercial protein purification, suppressing immune reception, hormone test, diagnosis of allergy, structure of cell membrane, purification of complex mixtures, identification of specialized cells, preparation of vaccines, increasing the effectiveness of medical substances (Edward, 1981).MAbs are used in applications against endurecer cell-specific antigens which include an immunological response against targeted crabmeat cells. Availability of MAbs which recognizes immune cells antigen has resulted in improved diagnosis for lymphoma and leukemia. They are also being used in diagnosis of solid tumour especially for carcinoma of lungs, colon, and rectum. They are also useful in examining affinity, sputum, biopsy samp les of crabmeat cells or for naturals discharged by cancer cells. At present MAbs are available for variety of cancers like ovarian, colorectal, lungs, etc (Beckman et al, 2007). MAbs interceded immunotherapy employs cells having cytotoxicity like monocytes and macrophages through antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity. MAbs binds complement proteins in cancer therapy which leads to direct cell toxicity that is complement dependent cytotoxicity (Carter, 2001). MAbs stops growth of tumour cells by blocking growth factors thus arresting the spread of tumour cells.MAbs not precisely detect cancer cells solely also destroys them and clinical trials withdraw revealed that MAbs stimulate partial reduction. Conjugate MAbs are combined with drugs and toxins and radioactive atoms are applied as delivery vehicles to take these substances through the body. MAbs flows in the body until it finds cancer cells with a matching antigen and delivers toxic substance to the place of the body. In chem otherapy, MAbs conjugate with chemotherapeutic drugs known as chemo labelled antibodies. The delivered drug causes deadening to tumour and practice tissues.Clinical applicability of MAbs is because of its specificity and homogeneity. Another special feature of hybridoma business is that mixture of antigens can be used to produce specific antibodies. The treatment of cancer by MAbs has got highly advanced and its scope as therapeutic agent for untraced cancer has broadened.2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE2.1 Production of Monoclonal AntibodyThe production of MAbs by hybridoma technology was first spy by German scientist, Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein of Argentina. In 1976 they offended a technique involving fusion of a cancerous (immortal) mouse B-Cell myeloma with an immunized mouse plasma cell by creating a hybrid cell/hybridoma (Blaine, 2012). The hybrid cells are clones of antibody producing cells against desired antigen and spread rapidly to generate large amounts of antibody. H ybridoma is capable of rapid circulation and high antibody exuding rates as in myeloma cells, and can maintain antibody genes of mouse spleen cells (figure 1.1). Figure 1.1 Production of monoclonal antibodies2.1.1 Outline of production of MAbsThe basic approach for production of MAbs includes, viz., purification and characterization of the desired antigen in sufficient quantity, immunization of mice with purified antigen, culture of myeloma cells which are unable to synthesize hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) enzyme necessary for the salvage pathway of nucleic acids, exclusion of spleen cells from mice and its fusion with the myeloma cells, and following fusion growth of hybridomas in hypoxanthine aminopterin thymidine (HAT) medium where only the fused cells have the ability to grow. Because of lack of HGPRT, unfused myeloma cell has no ability to grow in this HAT medium, and as such cannot produce DNA. Because of short life spans unfused spleen cells cannot grow, only fused hybrid cells/hybridomas can grow in HAT medium. Since spleen cell partners produce HGPRT, Hybrid cells have the ability to grow in the HAT medium. Hybrid cells clones are produced from single host cells and the antibodies exuded by the different clones are then tested for their capability to combine to the antigen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). And finally then the clone is selected for further use (Zola, 2010).2.2 Types of Monoclonal AntibodiesThe various types of anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies are2.2.1 Naked monoclonal antibodiesNaked MAbs are antibodies that work for themselves and there is no drug or radioactive material connected to them. For cancer treatment, these are the most common type of MAbs. A large number of naked MAbs are attached to antigens on cancer cells but a few of them performs either by joining antigens to the non-cancerous cells or to the free-floating proteins. Naked MAbs works in a diverse manner as elaborated to a lower placeSome of them increase patients immune response against cancer cells by joining to them and thereafter acting as an indicator for the bodys immune system to destroy them. For instance, Alemtuzumab used against leukemia (Lin T.S, 2008).Some of them targets immune system at checkpoints.While some work by joining and blocking the antigens which are important omens for cancer cells and other cells that help cancer cells grow or spread).E.g. Trastuzumab used against breast and stomach cancer (Hudis, 2007).Conjugated monoclonal antibodiesConjugated MAbs are antibodies where MAbs are combined to other substance like chemotherapy drug, different type of toxin, or a radioactive particle. Here MAbs are used for taking these substances straight off to the cancer cells and mingles in the body until it finds the targeted antigen and delivers the toxic substance at the required place thereby reducing or somewhat eliminating the chance of causing damage to normal cells in other parts of the body. These are also called as tagged, labelled, or loaded antibodies. They are divided into a variety of groups, as effrontery belowRadiolabeled Antibodies These have minute radioactive particles joined to them. E.g. Ibritumomab tiuxetan, acts against CD20antigen (Knox S .Jet al, 1996).Chemolabeled antibodies These have strong chemotherapy (or other) drugs joined to them and are also known as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). E.g Brentuximab vedotin (acts against CD30 antigen) attaches to the chemo drug called MMAE.2.3 weapon of ActionMAbs apply their antitumor effects by various types of means of actionIt directs the immune system to destroy cancer cells where the immune system destroys the irrelevant invaders in our body but it doesnt identify the cancer cells. MAbs are say to join to particular parts of a cancer cell and marks cancer cells thereby making it simple for immune system to find like Rituximab (Rituxan) attached to a CD 20 protein on B cells. When Ritux imab attaches to the protein on the B cells it makes the cancer cells more detectable to the immune system and make it convenient for it to attack.MAbs targeting Ccncer requires to attach to appropriate tumour cell surface antigens with adequate quantities and lead to destruction of targeted cells (Ignacio Met al, 2007). Mode of action include tumour cell toxicity via antibody-conjugate, modulation of host immune system (such as ADCC/CDC), and blockade of ligand combining and signalling perturbation.By combining with the cytokines or other proteins which are critical for cancer cells for maintaining their uncontrolled growthCancer cells depend upon blood vessels to give them oxygen and nutrients required for their growth and to gain blood vessels cancer cells send growth signals. MAbs blocks these growth signals and prevent a tumour from maintaining a blood supply to stop growth. In other words, if a tumour has already instituted a network of blood vessels then it blocks the growt h signals making the blood vessels to die and resulting in tumour to shrink. E.g. bevacizumab (Avastin) (Margeret VM et al, 2003). It targets a growth signal ,vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which cancer cells sends to attract new blood vessels. It stops a tumours these signals and stops them from connecting with their targets.Delivery of radiation to cancer cells. MAbs are joined with radioactive particles to give radiations directly to the cancer cells. But the drawback is that by this method most of the healthy cells are damaged .E.g. Ibritumomab (Zevalin) It joins itself to the receptors on cancerous blood cells and by and by delivers the radiation.Delivery of chemotherapy to cancer cells. MAbs are joined J with chemotherapy drugs to give radiations directly to the cancer cells.E.g. Ado-trastuzumab (Kadcyla). It joins to HER2 receptors present on the breast cancer cells and cancer cells consume these antibodies which in turn releases a few molecules of chemotherapy. chemotherapy damages only to the cancerous cells.2.4 Side effects and limitation of monoclonal antibodies2.4.1 Side-effectsMAbs generally have small side effects unlike chemotherapy. Only a mild allergic reaction or rashes may occur with first administration of the drug. Other common side-effects are fever, headache, weakness, chills, nausea with vomiting, and low blood pressure (Chames p et al, 2009). Whereas grave side-effects are infusion reaction, low blood cells count, heart problem, skin problem and bleeding. Else other side effects of MAbs are with the targeted antigens.Bevacizumab used against tumour blood vessel growth can result in kidney damage, high blood pressure, bleeding with poor wound healing, and blood clots (Scolnik, 2009).Cetuximab which is used against lungs cancer and head and neck cancer can result in severe infusion reaction and can cause serious rashes.Rituximab which is used against leukemia andlymphoma can cause renal toxicity and serum sickness.2.4.2 Lim itationsA serious limitation is that MAbs drugs are most costly as there are only a few FDA regulated drugs which are available in the market. A good number of new MAb drugs are still under development process. Since generic competitors are not there, the sale of cost-effective MAbs is quite good. MAbs are most commercialized and marketed products. Due to huge cost, MAbs therapies are a financial burden on patients. With only proper health planning and step-wise periodic therapies the problem can be sorted. MAbs is a proven therapeutic agent and as acted as mulching cow for the pharmaceutical industry. The typical doses of MAb drugs needed for treatment are significantly higher than those required for other drugs. Thus, large-scale production that is cost-effective in manufacturing processes is required.However, the huge demand to increase production of these drugs and the drive to lower the cost of these expensive medicines is a continuous challenge to the present industry. This wi ll further improve the efficiency of manufacturing processes. These challenges are overcome by streamlining downstream processes to increase product quantities, to implement proper quality with high-concentration product formulations with sufficient stability, dose-effective products, to reduce the cost, to develop methodologies for timeline MAb production, and to develop alternative delivery systems (Rohrer T et al, 2009).2.5 Monoclonal Antibody Drugs used in CancerThe treatment of monoclonal antibody depends upon the type of cancer and drug you are receiving. Some of the drugs are used in combination with others treatment like chemotherapy and hormone therapy.MAb drugs are used to treat advanced cancer that does not respond to chemotherapy or cancer that had returned. Some of the mAb drugs areBevacizumab Humanized used against colorectal cancer, breast carcinoma, on-small cell lung cancer and renal carcinomaRituximab Chimeric used against leukemia and lymphomaCetuximab Chimeric us ed against EGFR-positive metastatic colorectal cancer and carcinoma of head and lungsTrastuzumab Humanized used against ERBB2-positive breast carcinoma2.6 Diagnostic potential of monoclonal antibodiesThe development of monoclonal antibodies to has provided considerable research of interest. There are monoclonal antibodies which are directed against B cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets. Abs which reacts with different antigens is available which have definite mechanism of action (Khemshead et al, 1983).Several antibodies hare available which react with progenitor cells and these have been used as an aid in the diagnosis of different leukaemias. Neuroblastoma and lymphoma cells may have the appearance of small round cell tumours and be indistinguishable morphologically. MAb react predominantly with these tumour types and used for such diagnostic distinction. Antibodies reacting against tumours when it is coupled with radio label may be used for radioiso tope scanning and small metastasis may be visualised using this. MAbs are being used in clinical evaluations and promise to provide a new generation of targeting agent.

Examining The Types Of Transaction Processing System Information Technology Essay

Examining The Types Of Transaction Processing System Information Technology EssayA consummation is any event, the real test, the data created or modified before storing in an information system through Transaction affect featuresBusiness advantage depends on reliable transaction bear on to ensure that orders reach customers on time, and that partners and suppliers paid and can afford. The range of transaction affect is, therefore, led to a lively part of effective corporate governance, organizations desire the Association of Labour Process Improvement and Transaction Processing Performance CouncilSystems transaction processing companies provide the means to ensure a smooth flying transaction processing for debit and development processes across the enterprise. Usually, a TPS will declare the following characteristicsA supercomputingRapid processing of proceeding is critical to the success of any business now more than ever, given the developments in technology and customer demand for immediate action. TPS systems extradite been developed to trade almost straight off to ensure that customer data available to the processes they need.ReliabilitySimilarly, customers do not tolerate mis make waters. TPS systems must(prenominal) be designed not only to trade I was never able to pass through the net, but the systems remain permanently even in operation. TPS systems, therefore, are developed to integrate complete security supervise systems and disaster recovery. These measures maintain the failure rate is within tolerance.StandardizationTransactions should be processed in the same way each time to maximize efficiency. To ensure this, TPS interfaces are developed to obtain identical data for each transaction, regardless of the client.Controlled accessSince the TPS can be systems such as a effective business tool, access should be limited to only those employees who require their exercising. Limited access to the system ensures that employees, their qual ifications and ability to control, can not affect the failure of the transaction. pass transaction processingTo qualify for TPS, transactions must pass through the acid test. ACID tests associated with the following four conditionsIndividualityAtomicity means that a transaction is either completed or not at all. For example, if the money will be transferred from one account to another, it will not become a hit the books fide transactions, even though both withdrawal and deposit. If an account is charged and others are not appropriated can not be regarded as a measure. TPS systems to ensure that transactions take place in its entirety.ConsistencyTPS systems in a number of operating rules (or constraints). If you find a cap that all transactions must have a positive value in a database for each transaction will be rejected with a negative value.IsolationTransactions must be entered in a vacuum instead. For example, if you do a fund between the two accounts of debit and credit is made by others look to take place simultaneously. Funds may be credited to the account before being loaded onto another.ResistanceOnce the transaction can not be undone. To ensure that this happens even if a loss of TPS, a document file created by the completion of all transactions.These four conditions TPS systems to engage in a systematic, regularize and reliable.Types of transactionsThe settlement process should be standardized in order to maximize efficiency, each requires a custom transaction process in concord with business strategies and processes. For this reason, there are two types of operationsBatch processing potty processing is a resource-saving move, the processing of data at preset. lot processing is useful for companies who need to process large volumes of data using limited resources.Examples include processing transactions for credit card transactions monthly batch processed in real time. Credit card transactions are made only once a month to produce an explanation for the customer, batch processing saves computational resources to process separately for each transaction.Real-time processingIn many cases, the most important factor is speed. For example, if a bank customer receives a sum of money in the account, it is important to keep processing transactions and updating account balance as soon as feasible so that a part of both Bank and client funds.Database Management IssuesThe purpose of this book are correct and up to date understanding and hold for the practical aspects of critical yet poorly understood key aspects of the database. It identifies and explains some basic concepts, principles and techniques constantly causing trouble for drug substance abusers and suppliers. Evaluate the treatment of these topics in SQL (standard and commercialised applications) and provides specific guidance and practical advice on how to handle (and how not to). Includes carefully, especially thin and misunderstood issues complex data types, missin g information, data depends on the apparent motion hierarchies and so on -. Clear and concise format for busy professional databaseThree decades ago relational technology put the database field on a sound scientific basis for the first time. But database industry producers, users, experts and media has failed, in essence, principles, concentrateing instead on a cookbook approach to product without conceptual understanding. The consequences have been costly DBMS products, databases, applications and development tools are not always perform up to expectation or potential, and may encourage the wrong questions and preposterous answers.Practical issues in database management is an attempt to create these persistent and costly problem. Written for database designers, developers, managers and users, it addresses the basic, often recurring problems and problems that practitioners even the most experienced here seem to systematically misunderstand, namely Unstructured data and comple x data types business rules and implementation of integrity Buttons Copy Normalization and denormalization Entity subtypes and supertypes data hierarchies and recursive queries Redundancy packet query lack of informationFabian Pascal examine these critical issues in detail, comparing the cost of serious mistreatment of the practical benefits of implementing the right solutions. With a focus on principles and practices used examples Practice problems in the real world database to provide an assessment of current technology SQL-based DBMS products and, if possible, provide concrete recommendations and solutions. From the discernment provided by practical problems in database management, youll be in better position to evaluate these products, use their skills and weaknesses to avoid.Database Architecturedatabase professionals today are faced with more choices when you consider the use of architecture to meet the different needs of employers and / or address of the customer. The te xt below provides an overview of three main types of database architectures and sub-categories, as well as provide an insight into the strengths of each.Application logicThe database architecture is based on how the application logic is distributed throughout the system can be distinguished. Application logic consists of three elements first appearance logic, processing logic and logical storage.Presentation logic component is responsible for formatting and presenting data on the screen of the data processing logic manages user data processing logic, business rules, logic and data management logic. Finally, the logical storage unit that is responsible for the storage and retrieval of current devices, such as a hard discus or RAM.In determining the level (s) of these components, we develop a good idea what kind of architecture and subtype can be achieved.A tier architectureImagine a person on a desktop computer to load Microsoft Access, a list of personal addresses and anticipate numbers he or she has stored in MS Windows My Documents folder is used. This is an example of database-tier architecture. Program (Microsoft Access) to operate the local users computer, and points to a file stored on the hard disk of the machine, so that access to a unique natural resource and process information.Another example of a one-tier architecture is a file-server architecture. In this scenario, a database of the multitude from a shared location on a computer are stored. Members of a group working with a software package such as Microsoft Access, to upload data and process them locally on your computer. In this case, the data may be shared between users, but all processing is performed on the local computer. In fact, only one file server external hard drive from which files are recovered.Another way of architecture level showed that the mainframe computer computer. In this system obsolete, large machines can direct terminal ill with the tools to open, view and manage data. Although this system as a client-server, since all the computing superpower (both data and applications) is made from a single computer, we have a one-tier architecture.The architecture can be beneficial when dealing with data from a particular user (or small number of users), and a relatively small amount of data. We are going to implement something cheap and clean.Two Tier Client/ legion ArchitecturesA two-tier architecture is one that is familiar to many of todays computer users. A common implementation of this type of system is that of a Microsoft Windows based client program that accesses a server database such as Oracle or SQL Server. Users interact through a GUI (Graphical User Interface) to communicate with the database server across a internet via SQL (Structured Query Language).In two-tier architectures it is important to note that two configurations inhabit. A thin-client (fat-server) configuration exists when most of the processing occurs on the server tier. Converse ly, a fat-client (thin-server) configuration exists when most of the processing occurs on the client machine.Another example of a two-tier architecture can be seen in web-based database applications. In this case, users interact with the database through applications that are hosted on a web-server and displayed through a web-browser such as Internet Explorer. The web server processes the web application, which can be written in a language such as PHP or ASP. The web app connects to a database server to pass along SQL statements which in turn are used to access, view, and modify data. The DB server past passes back the requested data which is then formatted by the web server for the user.Although this appears to be a three-tier system because of the number of machines required to complete the process, it is not. The web-server does not ordinarily house any of the business rules and therefore should be considered part of the client tier in partnership with the web-browser.Two-tier architectures can prove to be beneficial when we have a relatively small number of users on the system (100-150) and we desire an increased level of scalability.http//www.windowsecurity.com/img/upl/image0011173862784565.gifTwo-Tier Client-Server Architecturehttp//www.windowsecurity.com/img/upl/image0021173862784580.gifWeb-Based, Two-Tier Client-Server ArchitectureN-Tier Client/Server ArchitecturesMost n-tier database architectures exist in a three-tier configuration. In this architecture the client/server model expands to include a substance tier (business tier), which is an application server that houses the business logic. This middle tier relieves the client application(s) and database server of some of their processing duties by translating client calls into database queries and translating data from the database into client data in return. Consequently, the client and server never talking directly to one-another.A variation of the n-tier architecture is the web-based n-tier ap plication. These systems combine the scalability benefits of n-tier client/server systems with the rich user interface of web-based systems.Because the middle tier in a three-tier architecture contains the business logic, there is greatly increased scalability and isolation of the business logic, as well as added flexibility in the choice of database vendors.http//www.windowsecurity.com/img/upl/image0031173862902205.gifThree-Tier Client-Server Architecturehttp//www.windowsecurity.com/img/upl/image0041173862902221.gifWeb-Based, Three-Tier Client Server Architecture

Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- The Lottery Essays

The less there is to justify a traditional custom, the harder it is to get rid of it (Twain). The Lottery begins during the summer. A small, seemingly normal, town is gathering to throw the annual Lottery. In the end, the townspeoplechildren includedgather around and stone the winner to death, simply because it was tradition. The allegory reveals how traditions can become outdated and ineffective. I suppose, I hoped, by setting a particularly brutal ancient rite in the present and in my own village to shock the storys readers with a graphic dramatization of the pointless violence and general inhumanity in their own lives (Jackson). As humans have as a race, their practices should develop with them. Shirley Jackson develops the theme that blindly following traditions is dangerous in her short story The Lottery through the use of symbolism, foreshadowing, and irony. symbolism is used heavily in The Lottery. One of the first symbols revealed in the short story is the Black Box, used b y the townspeople as the give box. The scurrilous box now resting on the stool had been put into use even before Old Man Warner . . .was born. Mr. Summers spoke frequently to the villagers about reservation a new box, but no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box (Jackson). The Black Box stands as a symbol for the lottery itself and tradition of all types. Although it may be difficult to upset or diversify parts of traditions that have been practiced for ages, it is necessary to do so to grow as people. Another symbol in the story is the black box. Although it is old and shabby, the villagers atomic number 18 unwilling or unable to replace it, just as they are unwilling to stop participating in the lottery (Wilson). The... ...n.p., 1986. N. pag. Print.Jackson, Shirley. The Lottery. Masterplots, Fourth Edition (2010) 1-3. literary type Center. Web. 29 Jan. 2014.The Lottery. Literature and Its Times Profiles of 300 Notable Literary Works a nd the Historical Events that Influenced Them. Joyce Moss and George Wilson. Vol. 4 World War II to the ladened Fifties (1940-1950s). Detroit Gale, 1997. 235-239. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 29 Jan. 2014.The Lottery. Short Stories for Students. Ed. Kathleen Wilson. Vol. 1. Detroit Gale, 1997. 139-154. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Mar. 2014.Mazzeno, Laurence W. The Lottery. Masterplots II Short Story Series, Revised Edition (2004) 1-2. Literary Reference Center. Web. 27 Feb. 2014.Nelles, William. The Lottery. Masterplots II WomenS Literature Series (1995) 1-3. Literary Reference Center. Web. 29 Jan. 2014.

Benefits of the WNBA :: Women Sports Essays

Benefits of the WNBAAlthough Title IX states than, no person in the United States, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to some(prenominal) discrimination... it does not guarantee that people will carry this out. After the issuing of Title IX, some(prenominal) women in sports wished to step forward and be recognized. Part of the lore they wanted was to be included in National Sports Associations like the mens National Basketball Association. Eventually their cries were heard, and sports associations like the NBA agreed to merge and include women. go included was an eye opening experience to many of these women and they have faced (and still do) doubts and discrimination from the public, but along the way they have also reaped benefits they would not have if the merger had never taken place.Title IX was the stepping-stone for mergers and sports, but immediately after the merging took place, women were fully discriminate d against. When men and womens sports combined, it opened new administrative positions for women, but what these women found were that they were constantly being pushed down to the bottom of the pile, to the least authoritative positions. Men were the head coaches, and the head of the physical education departments Men organized the teams schedule for the season and organized practice hours. Also, male sexist attitudes ensured that male rather than female athletic directors and heads of physical education departments were almost automatically decreed to direct merged departments (Hult p.96) This male oer female preference continued right up to today. As of 1992 there are more men in administrative sports positions than women. Women have been playing basketball for over a century before the Womens National Basketball Association came into existence. It was here at Smith College where many women got their first taste of the game. Women were described as having a masculine performanc e dah... rough and vicious play... worse than in men (Hult 86). This aggressive playing style had to be modified because the violence and rough-housing that was going on were becoming intolerable. Eventually the Official Womens Basketball Rules were modified in that there was no dribbling allowed on the court at all, players were not allowed to make physical contact with each other and women were not allowed to grab the ball out of another womens hands. Of course over the next century the game evolved, but womens basketball seemed to be submerged under mens basketball.