Drug Delivery Via The Nasal Route - 1299 Words

Introduction In the past years, drug delivery via the nasal route has established itself as a competitor and an alternative route over other routes of administration. It provides a higher degree of patient compliance and drugs can be painlessly self-administered by the patient (Illum, 2003). Drugs administered through nasal route are absorbed rapidly and can reach therapeutically effective plasma levels quickly due to highly permeable membranes and rich vasculature of the nasal cavity (Majithiya et al., 2006). In addition, the nasal route offers further advantages over the oral route, especially for those drugs that have poor oral bioavailability due to high hepatic first-pass metabolism, pH instability and enzyme degradation in GIT (Ugwoke et al., 2001). Nowadays, the intranasal route has gained more interest to target drugs to the brain and cerebro-spinal fluid by passing the blood-brain barrier. Intranasal formulation of drugs for the treatment of Parkinson s disease (Khan et al., 2010), Alzheimer s disease (Zhang et al., 2004) and psychosis (Kumar et al., 2008) have been elaborated and their therapeutic efficiency over conventional oral dosage form has been verified. Rivastigmine tartrate (RV) is the drug of choice for the treatment of Alzheimer s disease that is characterized by progressive memory dysfunction due to significant insufficient levels of acetylcholine in the brain (Williams et al., 2003). RV is categorized in the class of reversible cholinesteraseShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Limitations Of Delivering Vaccines?2953 Words   |  12 Pagesreasons for growing interest in intranasal administration are discussed, with those relating specifically to vaccinations being considered in more detail. In addition, the main limitations to nasal vaccines are reviewed, taking into account issues with the nasal mucosa and the vaccine formulation itself. Finally, nasal vaccinations that are currently available are discussed as well as the potential future developments in the field. Introduction Vaccinations are the cornerstone of preventing and controllingRead MoreInsulin Pumo- Diabetes Essay example1662 Words   |  7 Pagesenough, but it is one that must be tackled while the patient is also trying to live a more or less normal life† (Jeffocate, 2006, 795). Current research for diabetes is focusing on efficiency and patient satisfaction. The overall goal for insulin delivery is to have a tool that acts like an artificial pancreas and does not significantly affects daily life. Insulin pumps were developed in the 1960s by Arnold Kadish (Alsaleh, 2010). They were very large and inefficient, so they were not widely usedRead MoreWwde1911 Words   |  8 PagesA system of medical practice that aims to combat disease by use of remedies (as drugs or surgery) producing effects different from or incompatible with those produced by the disease being treated. Allopathy is also called ‘modern’, ‘western’, or ‘scientific’ medicine. The term ‘biomedicine’, defined as the ‘application of the principles of natural science, especially biology and physiology to clinical medicine’, is also in use.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘Clinical medicine’ is the medical practice involving andRead MoreAromatherapy Candles : What Do They Work?1879 Words   |  8 Pageshave discussed the importance of having the right ingredients in your candle, but we will now explore how aromatherapy actually works. There are two main channels via which essential oils can enter the body and thus relay their therapeutic value; via absorption through the skin and via inhalation. Essential oils can enter the body is via absorption through the skin. This is often through massage, whereby the essential oils are combined with a carrier oil (normally a vegetable oil) and then massagedRead MoreComplications of Obstetric Hemorrhage in the Antepartum and Postpartum Periods1998 Words   |  8 PagesPregnancy and childbirth is a natural process of life in result of timely ovulation and fertilization (Bledsoe, Porter Cherry, 2011). Child delivery occurs daily, usually requiring minimal assistance, however complications can and do arise and as health care professionals it is in our duty to be able to recognise them quickly in order to manage them accordingly (Bledsoe et al., 2011). This essay will focus on complications of obstetric haemorrhage (OH) in the antepartum and postpartum periods.Read MoreNvq Unit 79 4222-331 (Hsc 3047) Essay5131 Words   |  21 Pagestaken Route: verify the route by which the medicine is to be administered and follow procedures Assessment Criteria Outcome 1: Legislative framework for the use of medication in social care settings 1. Identify legislation that governs the use of medication in social care settings The following legislation has a direct impact on the handling of medication within a social care setting. †¢ The Medicines Act 1968 †¢ The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 †¢ The Misuse of Drugs (Safe Custody)Read MoreQuit Smoking Case Study Essay4989 Words   |  20 Pagesconsider a smoking cessation program. As the doctor further proposed, various medications could alleviate nicotine withdrawal symptoms or reduce tobacco cravings. Medications, when combined with a behavioural strategy, offered the safest and surest route to a tobacco-free life. Smoking cessation guidelines Usually a person smoke through sheer excitement, to feed their inquisitiveness about Smoking, to be accepted by peers and mainly young children look-up to parents or other relativesRead MoreCost Analysis of a Poultry Farm in Nigeria7715 Words   |  31 PagesThe uniformity of the flock - The age at sexual maturity During the period 0 – 16 weeks, the main objectives and the means of achieving them are as follows: OBJECTIVES MEANS OF ACHIEVEMENT - Good live ability -Uniform chicks - Good delivery and starting conditions - A bodyweight of 290g at 4 weeks - First class rearing conditions - A starter diet presented in crumb form - Encourage good feeding behaviour and - Develop crop capacity - Avoid a build up of feed in the feeders - LeaveRead MoreHesi Practice31088 Words   |  125 Pagesbeats/minute, a respiratory rate of 28 breaths/minute, and a blood pressure of 60/30 mmHg. For this client the nurse should question which physician order? A. Monitor urine output every hour. B. Infuse IV fluids at 83 mL/hr C. Administer oxygen by nasal cannula at 3 L/min D. Draw samples for hemoglobin and hematocrit every 6 hours. 11. A client is hospitalized with a diagnosis of chronic glomerulonephritis. The client mentions that she likes salty foods. The nurse should warn her to avoid foodsRead MoreRespiratory Distress And The Respiratory System4079 Words   |  17 Pagescan lead to Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome bringing about death. A state of hypothermia leads to cardiac dysrhythmias, increased systemic vascular resistance, tissue perfusion and decreased oxygen delivery (Gandy Grayson, 2012). Providing patients already in shock with cold IV fluids will not increase oxygen to the cells as they are vasoconstricted and their temperature has already dropped to compensate for the lossof blood and fluids. Essentially

Should Gay Marriage Be Legal - 778 Words

Should Gay Marriage Be Legal? â€Å"†¦I now pronounce you husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One would normally hear this when attending a wedding. In tradition marriage has been between one male and one female who love each other. But how would one feel if they heard â€Å"I now pronounce you groom and groom† or how about â€Å"†¦bride and bride...†? In the last 50 years the number of same-sex couples has increased. The on-going argument between the government and the people is â€Å"Should gay marriage be legal?† Although some say same-sex marriage should be legal, others say the same-sex marriage should be illegal. Gay marriage should be illegal because a child adopted by the couple will miss out on a mother or father and population will decrease. The beginning of legalizing same-sex couples started in Massachusetts. From there out the battle of legalizing same-sex marriage began. Legalizing and controlling same-sex marriage has been a battle since the early 2000s in the United States. On November 18, 2003 same sex marriage was legalized for the first time in the United States by Massachusetts. Hearing of the legalization, many same-sex couples from other states arrived in Massachusetts to finalize their marriage. Unfortunately, when the couples returned to their home states the documents were not recognized as legal under the Defense of Marriage Act (DoMA). The Defense of Marriage Act was passed by President Bill Clinton in 1996. DoMA stated that same-sex marriage should be reconconized as illegal. AfterShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legal1205 Words   |  5 PagesHoward Sociology 1301-93431 Gay Marriage Getting married is something that most people do when they find love, which it is an important event in their life. The GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender) community now get the legal right of same-sex marriage, which they have fought for t hroughout the years; on the other hand, some opponents of same-sex marriage have called for a constitutional change towards it. Although there were some countries that allowed gay marriage before the United StatesRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1159 Words   |  5 PagesAmendment, which puts a ban on gay marriage. This amendment entitles to equal rights to the gay community, ending toleration of discrimination in jobs, rights protecting gays from hate crimes,rights allowing advancement in government. However, the concept of gay marriage is still not considered a right the American people should extend to homosexuals. II. The vast majority of opponents believe marriage should be between one woman and one man, meaning marriage should be between members of the oppositeRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1574 Words   |  7 Pagesequal rights. Gays and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbian couples are denied the right to marry even if they are outstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop, because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizens too, who should be afforded the same rights as heterosexual couples. Marriage is about love andRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is marriage? Recently, people argue with respect to the definition of marriage. What happened to marriage? To get married is a very important event for almost everyone. Especially for women, marriage and giv ing a birth could be the two biggest events of their lives. Many people believe that getting married to the one whom he or she loves is natural. However, what do you think if you cannot get married to him or her because it is socially unacceptable? 100 years ago different colored peopleRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1126 Words   |  5 PagesJune 26, 2015 for gay marriage to be legal in all fifty states, thirty seven out of the fifty and Washington D.C already legalized gay marriage. Many support gay marriage and many do not, with widespread values and reasons for and against it. Due to religion and rights people across the nation have differing views and opinions of it.In a five to four vote in the Supreme Court gay marriage became legalized in all fifty states. Shortly after that a few marriage officiators and marriage licenses peopleRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1179 Words   |  5 PagesGAY MARRIAGES Some states such as Iowa legalized gay marriage through the action of judicial interpretation based on the state’s constitutional stipulations while other states such as Vermont legalized gay marriage through legislation initiatives. These cases demonstrate the government is the sole body that can dictate the validity of whatever is to be regarded as a marriage, and in this case gay marriage. The power to validate marriage is still observed among the private citizens, religious institutionsRead MoreThe Gay Marriage Should Be Legal947 Words   |  4 PagesDefending Gay Marriage During the last few years, homosexuality has become an important issue for debate. Moreover, homosexuals have taken their case further by claiming their right to marry. Same-sex marriage, usually known as â€Å"gay marriage†, is the marriage between two people from the same biological sex (Doskow1). Since 2000, eleven countries have approved the legalization of gay marriage worldwide: Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, ArgentinaRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1480 Words   |  6 PagesNew World Dictionary defines the word married as being husband and wife, yet there are millions of gay activists who are fighting for a new meaning. They believe marriage is more than a piece of paper and a set of rings. The hope is that marriage could be defined as a â€Å"public recognition of a private commitment† or â€Å"emotional, financial, and psychological bond† between two people (Sullivan 53). Gay activists belie ve that taking away the ability to have a publicly recognized relationship or an acceptedRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1351 Words   |  6 Pageshappened for United States, gay marriage became legal in all 50 states. In most states it already was but the remaining 13 became legal this year. There are many concerns regarding gay marriage, and the effects of them involve many legislative, cultural, religious and family issues. Gay marriage is controversial because a lot of people do not approve of it, they think it is immoral, unnatural, and not what the traditional concept of â€Å"marriage† really means. Opponents of gay marriage say it is only meantRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal925 Words   |  4 PagesGay Marriage jenisea Phoenix Community College Gay Marriage What if you met someone and fell deep in love? What if they meant everything in the world to you? Wouldn’t you do whatever it takes to make them happy? What if i told you that you couldn’t? and that no matter how much you showed someone that you are meant to be that you couldn’t marry them? Wouldn’t that tear you apart inside?. â€Å"The Human Rights Campaign Foundation states that

Resources for School Administrators

The Holocaust The Biggest Hate Crime in the World

The Holocaust is consider one of the biggest hate crime that the world has witness. It is a hate crime due to the fact that is directed toward a specific group of people. Individual chosen or group chosen because they represent a group believed to represent a group that the perpetrator is biased against. Everything started when Adolf Hitler became the leader of Germany, form 1934 to 1945. Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889. Hitler rose to power in German politics becoming the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Part; known as the Nazi Party. As the dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945 he started WWII with the invention to Poland. Hitler was the orchestrated of the Holocaust, which resulted in the death of 6 million Jews. Hitler believes that Jews were an inferior race. According to Hitler Jews were an alien threat to German racial purity and community. â€Å"After years of Nazi rule in Germany, during which Jews were consistently persecuted, Hitler’s †Å"final solution†Ã¢â‚¬â€œnow known as the Holocaust–came to fruition under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps of occupied Poland â€Å" (History 2009). Hitler’s symbol used to murder millions of people was the swastika. The word swastika comes from the Sanskrit svastika - su meaning good, asti meaning to be, and ka as a suffix. Until the Nazis used this symbol, the swastika was used by many cultures throughout the past 3,000 years to represent life, sun, power,Show MoreRelatedWhat An Interesting Mustache, Mr. Trump 984 Words   |  4 PagesMuslims took the hit, with hate crimes still five times higher than pre-9/11 some fifteen years later (Washingtonpost.com). Islamophobia is so common that presidential candidates not only win supporters, but whole states with their racism and islamophobia. The fact of the matter is: Muslims in the western world are being dehumanized scarily like Jewish people were before t he Holocaust. To begin to understand this topic, you must first understand some things about pre-Holocaust Germany. Almost as soonRead MoreRacism in North America1353 Words   |  6 Pagestype of discrimination, probably one of the worst. Racism is like a revolting disease being passed down from generation to generation by vicious racists. Unfortunately, most of us will face racism in our lives in one form or another. What kind of world do we live in where we are judged by the colour of our skin rather than the content of our character? We can’t let racism continue, we must stop it, we can’t let it do anymore damage it has already done way too much. History of racism Read MoreLastig Effects of the Holocaust1058 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust not only affected the areas where it took place, it affected the entire world. Even though Jewish people were the main victims in the Holocaust, it also left lasting effects on other groups of people. Both, the Nazi and Jewish decedents, still feel the aftermath of one of the most horrific counts of genocide that the world has ever encountered. The cries of the victims in concentration camps still ring around the globe today, and they are not easily ignored. Although the HolocaustRead MoreLasting Effects of the Holocaust1195 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust not only affected the areas where it took place, it affected the entire world. Even though Jewish people were the main victims in the Holocaust, it also left lasting effects on other groups of people. Both the Nazi and Jewish decedents still feel the aftermath of one of the most horrific counts of genocide that the world has ever encountered. The cries of the victims in concentration camps still ring around the globe today, and they are not easily ignored. Although the Holocaust tookRead MoreAnalysis Of David Irving s The Crucible 2083 Words   |  9 Pagesdenier or a liar. Irving considered accusations of him being a Holocaust denier to be wrong and damaging, so on September 5, 1996, he took Deborah Lipstadt to court on the grounds of libel because she had according to Irving; wrongly accused him of being a denier. Irving is notorious because even though the judge ruled in favor of Lipstadt, he still argued that he was right and did not accept the undeniable fact that the holocaust did happen and that it was one of the lowest points in humanityRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Nazi Regime1552 Words   |  7 Pagesof the best public speakers know to date, most said he spoke with such emotion, he was one of the few leaders at the time that could really rally a crowd. He was speaking to masses of people who were economically downtrodden after losing the first world war. People during this era were looking for someone or something to grab hold of, and Hitler appeared to the German people as such a trustworthy and upfront politician, that he became their â€Å"Savior.† Thus this horrific man wormed his way into theRead MoreEssay on The Genocides of the 20th Century1517 Words   |  7 Pageswhich occurred in Rwanda and Germany had striking similarities, something that should have alerted the world to stop them. At the core of these two massacres, patterns existed that outlined how similar thinking and reasoning could lead to something as horrible as these two events. One can see how both groups used their command of knowledge as a way to control the people, how the rest of the world refused to step up to stop the killings, and how the people were thought of as less than humans to provideRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination1637 Words   |  7 Pages today’s society, one of the biggest questions that still remain unanswered is as such: Why does racial discrimination still exist? What factors take place within the human mind that might cause feelings of hatred and bigotry? What can result from an individual using racially discriminating language? From times predating even the most notable case of as much, pre-Civil War United States American slavery, discrimination has existed in many different forms throughout world history. To date, there isRead MoreHolocaust : The World War I2252 Words   |  10 PagesHolocaust Denial During World War I Adolf Hitler served his country which the defeat of his country lead him to blame the Jews. Hitler after the war joined the National Socialists German Workers’ Party, which was known to the English as Nazis. In 1923 he wrote his memoir â€Å"Mein Kampf† which translates to my struggles, in which Hitler expressed his obsession for the idea of a perfect Aryan race. January 20, 1933 was when Hitler was named the chancellor of Germany. The first concentration camp thatRead MoreEssay on Discrimination Against the Gypsies4352 Words   |  18 PagesThere are some 15 million Roms dispersed across the world. Their history is one of suffering and misery, but it is also one of the victories of human spirit over the blows of fate. Today the Roms revive their culture and are looking for their identity. On the other hand, they integrate into the societies in which they live. If they are understood by their fellow citizens in their new homelands, their culture wil l enrich the societys atmosphere with the color and charm of spontaneity (Ghandi).

Documentary on Suffrage, Not for Ourselves Alone by...

Not for Ourselves Alone The movie I watched this week was the Not for Ourselves Alone, produced by Ben Burns, Paul Barnes, and written by Geoffrey C. Ward in 1999. The documentary articulates the suffrage movement in the United States, along with Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s biography. In review, the movie dedicates a significant amount of time to the time after their deaths. Thus, the movie provided an overview of strategic moments in the woman’s suffrage history and the insights of two women’s lives. Not for Ourselves Alone delved into Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Station’s relationship with their parents, however, primary focus directly integrated on their strong willed fathers. Susan B. Anthony did not†¦show more content†¦However, there was no enlightenment of how she campaigned against enfranchising the black man. Hence, Anthony’s portrayal to exclude Douglass from the suffrage conference in Atlanta was duly in the anticipation of more white Southern women. However, the film depicts Anthony as keeping silent. Thus, â€Å"dimensions of inequality† are co-constructed, they cannot adequately account for the experiences of women of color. The intersectional approach identifies subjects â€Å"occupy multiple social locations,† attends to the complexity of their experiences, and all the while remains committed to social justice,† states Dill and Zambrana (McCann Kim, 2013, p. 162). The film producers correctly portrayed Anthony, in the 1880’s and 1890’s, as more vigilant than Stanton concerning questioning. They tell the story of Stantons formation of the Womens Bible in the 1890s and illustrate the prejudice from other suffragists toward one who was subjectively ahead of her time. However, viewers failed to obtain the entire story. Anthony did seek an early coalition with the Womans Christian Temperance Union, leaving Stanton doubtful. Although, a few years later, Stanton sanctioned the WCTU-backed Prohibition Party while Anthony remained with the Republicans. Therefore, without adequate background knowledge, viewers can be wondering what radical meant within the movement. Thus, â€Å"radical feminist definition of patriarchy

Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control. Answer: Introduction: Communicable diseases are persistently a fundamental public health priority both in Australia and the globe at large. Among the most pressing of such communicable diseases is Ebola. Just as a serious illness, Ebola is caused by Ebola virus that brings about acute and serious illnesses and harms to the human body if not treated(Crawford, 2015). The disease was first noticed in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks one in the Democratic Republic of Congo and another in South Sudan. The worst outbreak in West Africa was experienced between 2014 and 2016 in which there was a complex outbreak of Ebola. This outbreak recorded the highest number of cases and deaths since it was first noticed in 1976. Ebola is a deadly illness that is mostly characterized by internal and external bleeding of body parts, fever, body aches and diarrhea caused by a virus that damages the bodys immune system. It causes blood-clotting cells to drop because it ultimately weakens the immune system of the body. There have not been any reported cases of Ebola virus among the citizens of Australia or among Australian animals. But even with this, the government of Australia has been careful enough and taken the most appropriate precautions to ensure the security and safety of the Australia people(Webber, 2009). The Australian government recognizes the social and economic situation and the critical medical conditions that West African countries had to bear when they were affected by the virus. In a bid to protect her citizens, the government of Australia performs screening her citizens to protect the health of the country at large(Lederberg, 2012). In Australia and Internationally Ebola are transmitted through human to human contact through broken skin, mucous or saliva membranes(Richards, 2016). When the blood secretions, organs and bodily fluids that are infected come to contact there is a high possibility of transmission. Contaminated surfaces and materials like bedding and clothing also promote the transmission. It is believed that Ebola viruses are naturally hosted in fruit bats with the highest levels of outbreaks being recorded among other species as monkeys, forest antelope, gorillas, and chimpanzees. It is introduced into the human population via close contact with the organs, blood or any other bodily fluids of the infected animal whether dead or alive. Hence routes of transmission mainly include skin and other external commonly used materials like cutting blades and sheets. The virus can be spread from an individual to another through body fluids among them waste products and blood. It is also spread sexually when semen of a man who has recovered from Ebola has sex with a woman or even orally(Stanhope, 2015). The risk factors of contracting Ebola is very low in most people with all the cases of death or illness found to have occurred in Africa except for a laboratory contamination that took place in England and Russia. The risk of contracting this infectious disease is increased whenever people travels to or live in African countries that have been hit by the outbreak. Among those at the highest risks include; Healthcare workers and family members who could be taking care of a person infected with Ebola(Atherstone, 2014) Animal researchers doing direct handling of rodent, bat or primates from a region where Ebola virus outbreak has been experienced Laboratory personnel handling bodily fluids or specimen from patients with Ebola virus People taking part in funeral rites in which there is direct contact or exposure to the remains of human in a region where the disease outbreak is evident(Bouzid, 2016). There are identified five types of Ebola out of which four have been found to cause diseases in humans. The types of Ebola include; Zaire ebolavirus Suda ebolavirus Tai Forest ebolavirus Bundibugyo ebolavirus Reston ebolavirus which does not cause disease in human beings Till this date, the natural harbor of Ebola virus has not been established. This then translates that the way in which the virus first appears in a human being is unknown. It is believed that the first patient becomes infected by an already infected animal. The first patient gets infected when in contact with animals such as a fruit bat or primate, apes, and monkeys. This is called spillover event. Person to Person transmission follows and can lead to large numbers of affected persons. In some previous Ebola outbreaks, primates also were affected by Ebola and multiple spillover events occurred when people touched or ate infected primates(guides, 2014). Ebola virus, just like any other viruses is acellular and obligate and requires a host in order to be biologically active. The virus has the ability to survive while outside the body of the host even though at reduced survival levels. Once the virus manages to get into the body of the host, it receptor will be attached to a specific receptor in the plasma membrane and upon the attachment, the genome of the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host. The pathonogecity of the virus is increased as the virus mutates and divided between the hosts. Due to the presence of glycoproteins, Ebola virus is found to be very effective in infecting the host(Evans, 2016). The glycoproteins bind to the specific receptor of the host when exposed to the environment. They are an integral part in facilitating the communication between other cells in the host and the outside environment(Stanhope, 2015). Most of the envelope viruses like Ebola virus are found in abundance in sheds of animal waste as such environments enable the virus to persevere the environment outside the body of the host. Such persistence increases the chances of reoccurrence of the virus and thereby increasing the chances of infection among human beings. This leaves the human population with the task of ensuring proper management and taking care of the environment as a strategy in the prevention of the outbreak of Ebola(Pray, 2016). Poor sanitation is a major health issue in Africa thereby exposing African countries to the aftermath of the survival of Ebola virus(Crawford, 2015). The virus can easily be transmitted from one person to another by the contamination of water by either fecal containing wastes or any other virus containing wastes. The scarcity of food is yet another environmental factor that increases the chances of contracting Ebola virus. In the process of hunting animals for food, people come into contact with infected animals. Still, malnutrition is yet another factor for the cause of the disease in Africa. Lack of the nutrients required by the body leads to psychological suffering among the population thereby inhibiting the ability of the body to adequately respond to the environment thereby increasing the vulnerability(Nelson, 2014). Besides the mentioned human factors, scientists have found out that filo viruses for example Ebola thrive well in the tropical regions of Africa an most specifically in the humid rainforests. This is the same cases experienced in the Philippines which have relatively the same seasons and temperature changes as the tropical regions of Africa. Ebola is not spread through air, water or in general by food. Mosquitoes and other insects likewise do not spread Ebola virus. In Africa, it spreads mostly through handling bush meat got from hunting common game animals like wild pigs(Preston, 2010). Other areas have registered exotic and unusual pets such as monkeys, apes or pigs as having high risks of being infected and shedding Ebola virus if they are exposed to the virus. Hence pets do transmit Ebola virus, however, it is not yet confirmed whether pet body fur can transmit Ebola virus. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that public health officials in collaboration with a veterinarian evaluate the pets risk of exposure to the virus; close contact or exposure to blood or body fluids of an Ebola patient(Pray, 2016). Based on this evaluation as well as the specific situation, local and state human and animal health officials will determine how the pet should be handled because currently there are no routine tests for Ebola available for pests. Pigs are the only animals currently very highly susceptible to any Ebola virus. Pigs have been found to be naturally infected with the Reston virus which is a constituent species of the Ebola virus that, however, does not cause sickness to humans(Stanhope, 2015). There are four most common types of epidemiological studies: Cohort Study. Case-Control Study. Occupational Epidemiological Study. Cross-Sectional Study. Epidemiologists use statistical methods to determine whether the differences they see are real or due to chance fluctuations. Epidemiology defined to be the study of the causes, existence management, and spread of health and illnesses in a certain niche population. Infection is the multiplication of organisms inside the tissues of the host and may eventually culminate into an illness. A carrier refers to any individual with no overt disease who bears infectious organisms(guides, 2014). There are various steps applied in the investigation of disease-causing epidemics. Means and methods have advanced tremendously overtime since the time of Hippocrates. Depending on the technique and analysis, epidemiology varies depending on the type of the disease in question. Here is a process that can be used in Epidemiology Study. Acknowledging the existence of a problem: It is quite expensive to undertake full studies in epidemiology besides the tiresome nature of the task. It is important to establish the need of a research before a study is undertaken(Wallace, 2014). ? Justification of the homogeneity of the undertaking: conclusions drawn from homogenous occurrences are likely to be suspected and thus it is required that the undertaken events to be the real cases of the disease under study(Singer, 2016). Gather all the occurrences: Inspecting an enormous data would yield more accurate results hence it is important to gather as much information and one can to enable evaluation of the greatest available risk factors. Various strategies can be deployed in the gathering of the events including from records of hospitals and epidemiological study methods. The events can be characterized by Incidence rates and prevalence rates. Often, the occurrence of a single disease entity is set as an event(Organization, 2013). Given inherent heterogeneous nature of any given disease (i.e., the unique disease principle), a single disease entity may be treated as disease subtypes. This framework is well conceptualized in the interdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology. Checking the trends and patterns: The similarities in the occurrences which could help in the identification of the main risk factors that would facilitate the contraction of the disease are considered in this. Such risks can be identified with the help of epidemic curves.(Webber, 2009). Formulate a hypothesis: The researcher may consider postulating as to the extent of the correlation between the disease and the probable agent causing the disease upon observation of the trend in the cases. Test the hypothesis: Uncontrollable variations are found to be a pollutant to the epidemiological studies conducted since these experiments can never be done in a laboratory thereby making interpretation of the found results a bit of a challenge. This often makes the results difficult to interpret. To assess the correlation between the disease and the disease-causing factors, two methods are deployed; Koch's postulates and Bradford-Hill Criteria Publish the results: The found out result are published and the findings made known so as the necessary adjustments can be made. Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases There is the need to prevent and control of Ebola. Among the strategies include; Implementing vaccination laws and taking universal cautions pathogen procedures according to public health policies, and regulations. Vaccinations of individuals will be organized and medical assessments carried out besides any other strategies that would ensure non-harmful infection in a bid to contain the spread of communicable diseases(Bonita, 2012). Ongoing health education relating to disease prevention, hygiene measures for all people ranging from children in the family unit, public domain and reaching the masses in various ways to foster cleanliness and prevention. Implementing good hand washing procedures. Implementing case isolation and effective treatment to minimize contact and reduce the chances of re-infection and even infecting other people(Lederberg, 2012). ensuring safety and security of blood being transfused Avoiding infection while traveling abroad Undertakings which provide tourism services shall inform their customers about to travel to a foreign country of: the risks of becoming infected with a communicable disease in the country to be visited; the validity of vaccination or of using medicinal products; the chances of getting medical advice before travelling and medication during the travel. Quarantine is a restriction of the movement of persons, goods, and vehicles and of the provision of services which is established with the aim of preventing any extremely dangerous communicable disease from spreading outside the focus of the disease(Atherstone, 2014). For the purposes of this Act, the focus of a disease is a delimited territory containing persons suffering from a communicable disease and persons suspected of being infected and where intensified surveillance over the residents is exercised by the health protection authorities(Cavendish, 2011). Quarantine is established by a written order of the county government on the proposal of the director general of the public health. Quarantine requirements and the procedure for compliance therewith shall be established by a regulation of the minister responsible for the area. Quarantine is ended by a documented instruction of the public health officers on the recommendation by the general director of the public after the outbreak of the communicable disease has been thwarted, the fulfillments of the requirements for the control and the and attention on the disease has been declared of no impact any more(Kahn, 2015). The outlining of quarantine requirements and the bringing to an end thereof shall be to the public knowledge through the various available sources of media Principles of Surveillance The ease of spread of communicable diseases from an individual to another is very high in the society and may result into numerous illnesses and deaths. A comprehensive public health surveillance comprised of close range observation, noting and reporting of scenarios of weighty communicable diseases in a society has extensive being covered in this excerpt(Evans, 2016). An vast comprehension of public health surveillance gives a healthcare practitioner an opportunity to identify any chances of existence of extra cases of communicable diseases in a society and submit the report and the most appropriate recommendations to the concerned authorities. Through the use of public health surveillance, one is able to evaluate the extent of damage by a major communicable diseases in a given geographical boundary by taking the single head counts of the reported cases of the disease infection. Planning and establishing the most appropriate measures to curb and control communicable infections is made possible through the collection and analysis of public health data. Such measures would be among them supply and distribution of the required medicines as well as enlightening the community as regards prevention of the diseases. In-depth explanations of the public health surveillance basic concepts, the various available types of surveillance as well as the undertakings one involves in during recording and reporting illnesses is discussed herein.(Crawford, 2015). Public health surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those responsible for preventing and controlling disease and injury. Public health surveillance is a tool to estimate the health status and behavior of the populations served by ministries of health, ministries of finance, and donors. Because surveillance can directly measure what is going on in the population, it is useful both for measuring the need for interventions and for directly measuring the effects of interventions. The purpose of surveillance is to empower decision makers to lead and manage more effectively by providing timely, useful evidence(Bouzid, 2016). Sentinel Surveillance Periodic Population-based Surveys Laboratory related surveillance The methods deployed in the surveillance of infectious diseases in a particular country are a factor of the economic status of the country. That means developed countries are likely to enjoy more complex data surveillance techniques as opposed to economically endangered countries. Analysis of surveillance information is based on person, place and/or time. There should be continuous review of the hospital data by qualified technical personnel so as to ascertain that the data relied upon for the operations of the hospital is valid and not containing any elements of misleading information(Lyons-Weiler, 2015). Tables and graphs are found to be the most appropriate when presenting data due to their simplistic nature. It is worth to note that the data should be delivered to the policy makers in time so as to enable them include the collected and interpreted data when coming up with programs deemed to be of necessity in the surveillance of data. The fast changing informatics field of health, concerned with gathering, classification, preservation, extraction, analysis and display of volumes of health data, gives an opportunity for real integrated public health surveillance depending on the standardization of data, infrastructure of communication, and regulations bordering access and safety of health data. By incorporating a systematic approach to the contents of data standard, surveillance will benefit(Ealy, 2015). An example is the deployment of systems based on standards in supporting the automation of reporting diagnostic laboratory results electronically enabling the identification of noticed diseases thereby enhancing quick responses and corrective measures by the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. References Atherstone, C. (2014). Ebola risk assessment in the pig value chain in Uganda. Kampala: ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD). Bonita, R. (2012). Basic Epidemiology. Geneva: World Health Organization. Bouzid, B. (2016). Examining the Role of Environmental Change on Emerging Infectious Diseases and Pandemics. Manchester: IGI Global. Cavendish, M. (2011). Diseases and Disorders, Volume 1. Machester: Marshall Cavendish. Crawford, D. H. (2015). Ebola: Profile of a Killer Virus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ealy, G. (2015). Ebola. Oxford: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Evans, N. G. (2016). Ebola's Message: Public Health and Medicine in the Twenty-First Century. Chicago: MIT Press. guides, e. . (2014). Ebola: Information for Healthcare Workers and Settings - For Your Reference. California: eregs guides. Kahn, C. R. (2015). Joslin's Diabetes Mellitus: Edited by C. Ronald Kahn ... [et Al.]. Salt Lake: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Lederberg, J. (2012). Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States. Bombay: National Academies. Lyons-Weiler, J. (2015). Ebola: An Evolving Story. London: World Scientific. Mack, A. (2016). The Ebola Epidemic in West Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop. Nairobi: National Academies Press. Medicine, A. o. (2010). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, Volume 26. London: Academy of Medicine. Morain, S. A. (2012). Environmental Tracking for Public Health Surveillance. Los Angeles: CRC Press. Nelson, K. E. (2014). Infectious Disease Epidemiology. Oxford: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Organization, W. H. (2013). Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease. New York: World Health Organization. Pray, L. (2016). The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities: Workshop Summary. Manchester: National Academies Press. Preston, R. (2010). The Hot Zone. Oxford: Paw Prints. Richards, P. (2016). Ebola: How a People's Science Helped End an Epidemic. Freetown: Zed Books Ltd. Singer, M. (2016). A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health. Salt Lake: John Wiley Sons. Stanhope, M. (2015). Public Health Nursing: Population-centered Health Care in the Community. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences. Wallace, R. B. (2014). Maxey-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine: Fifteenth Edition. London: McGraw Hill Professional. Webber, R. (2009). Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control: A Global Perspective. New York: CABI.

Lauren Case Study

Question: Write about theLauren Case Study. Answer: Laurens biggest problematic behaviour is that she has decided to be a loner basically because of the social issues happening in her life. The connection between her family issues and injuries she has perceived during the accident and a game contributes to her low-esteem. Dropping friends at such an age where individuals are vulnerable to peer pressure is a dangerous effect to Lauren. She was better placed when she was able to play games and socialise with her friends freely without restriction such as doctors guidelines towards the incurred injuries. As a result of not being able to participate in her daily activities; she has also lost much of her social life and this has worsened her family relationship as she does not respect David as her step-father. As a result of being lonely, Lauren is being drunk too much on Saturdays and Sundays. This has remained to be the only thing' she can comfortably engage with her few new friends she is able to catch up within the neighbourhood. According to Pescosolido, et al. (2010), Alcoholism can make a person loose the beauty of life because of the increased chances of not being a vibrant person. Lauren has been working on a part-time job on Sundays and because of her drinking behaviours, the manager is also losing the faith of her because she is not able to make it in the workplace on time. Lauren will not improve her situation for being an alcoholic; rather, the situation will worsen because she will be unable to perform her daily activities and manage her relationships. She was doing well with her older friends before they were involved in an accident and her life was going on well. Therefore, her behaviour of drinking too much on the weekends might highly affect her problematic problem of spe nding a lot of her time alone on internet and TV (Hosseinbor, Ardekani Bakhshani, 2014). Robs Helpful Actions Rob is a respected and well-performing practitioner who has a significant experience in his profession. His approach towards treating Lauren might be highly contributing much on her adherence to the medical advice and treatment follow ups. Developing a method dealing with Lauren's stress would be helpful and good for enhancing of her treatment effectiveness. Tony, who is Laurens biological father is one of the greatest and meaningful individuals in her life. Involving a counsellor in the treatment process will be significant towards managing Laurens stress and loneliness (Moses, 2010). Lauren has been gaining waiting and this can be highly connected to her reduced self-esteem and this can be improved by helping her engage in physical exercises. This is one of Rob's advice that Lauren did not follow and adhere to maybe because she thought he was pushing her too much. Also, reducing the intensity of alcohol use would enhance her commitment to other important activities such as managing her asthma conditions and improving her social relationships. Diagnostic tests should be conducted to understand the real health conditions that can be treated using medications and provide a follow-up plan to ensure that she adhering to doctor's prescriptions (Zimmer-Gembeck Skinner, 2008). Finally, the doctor Rob should invite her father (Tony) in some of the treatment session and this might change the situation because she has great respect for him. Also, Tony should be informed on Laurens condition and be engaged more on the treatment plan to help in encouraging and advising her d aughter. Robs Unhelpful Actions Laurens is a girl who is not comfortable with the life she is living and she is ready to change only that she has she has not been advised appropriately. Rob has been deviating from the conversation targeted in helping and advising her to change from the bad behaviours. Due to adolescent effect, she might not have liked whoever was telling her to change from heavy drinking and being unsocial. However, Rob was not doing the best approach of helping Lauren recover from her glandular fever and chronic fatigue. The best approach towards improving Laurens condition is by involving a close person is either of her age or her parents. Rob has been planning to involve Laurens mother and stepfather in one of medical check-up meetings. This would not be a good idea because she is not in good terms with her step-father and probably she might be uncomfortable in his presence. Lauren has suffered much from the accidents and probably her parents divorce hence having to live in an environment where she is not comfortable. A person who has been through such a trauma might need to be treated in a more sensitive manner to ensure that they the recovery plans are effective. Adolescents are sensitive to an investigative session because they feel that the involved crossing the boundaries because they have a lot in secret that they are not comfortable speaking them out. There are some possible modifications that Rob could make in his treatment plan towards Lauren to improve its effectiveness. Firstly, he could assure Lauren privacy of whatever information they could discuss and building trust that would be useful in the treatment process. The treatment of teenage with a depression might be hard if they are not accompanied by either or both the parents. This inclusion of some close people in Laurens life would ensure that they are all taken through a psychotherapy process (Sawyer, Miller, Clark, 2007). The main factor that highly contributed to the challenges in the treatment process between Rob and Lauren was due to failed trust. Lauren had started to gain more weight and she had tried to manage it but she finally gave up. This being of the disappointing point of her, Rob could have developed advice on how to manage her body size and she could be comfortable to share more about herself. Anything that is focused on solving her primary problems such as discomfort in living with her stepfather would be meaningful to Lauren. She believes that her mother and Tony were doing well until they divorced. Since she will be happy when they are together, it could be helpful if they get both involved in her treatment decisions and meetings. A follow-up plan might be helping by making contacts every time to check on how is doing. Encouragement on frequent psychosocial and medical check-ups would also be helpful to Lauren and future endeavours in health. Rob should also make Lauren understand how dangerous it is to her health is she does not follow up the mediation. For instance, failure to manage asthma might lead to chronic conditions that could also lead to death (Buu et al., 2007). Lauren should stop taking too much of alcohol because it makes her much disorganised and disorients are the lifestyle (Sobell et al., 2009). Ron should schedule a session that has a social advisor, her father and any other person who might create the environment conducive for her such as her brother Mark. In this meeting, Lauren will be advised of the costs and the benefits of drinking too much of alcohol. She would justify that drinking makes her forget her problems and relieves her mind from the stress. In contrast, it only makes thinks worse and stopping too much drinking of alcohol would improve her relationships, hence making her more socially connected. Also, some alcoholics usually defend themselves by stating that drinking alcohol makes them have fun, Lauren cannot claim that because her sort of drinking does not seem to have such benefits (Olanipekun Bada, 2014). Some of the problems caused include feeling anxious, depressed and ashamed because of the experienced changes in living styles and behaviours. Lauren does not feel comfortable because of her body and neither does she feel her loneliness (Hallal et al., 2006). Also, her changes in behaviours that have also been contributed by her alcoholism have affected her relationships and are currently having no friends expect those they drink together on weekends. Lauren has responsibilities that has not been done pretty well because she has been much committed in drinking, feeling hung over and being lonely. She is working on a part-time basis and her manager is losing faith in her because of not keeping a commitment with the responsibilities and coming to work late (Glass et al., 2009). Lauren should understand that alcohol is not the only way to deal with stress and as she stops drinking, other options such as socialising would help her break her boredom and solve her stress. Also, improvements in her performance will be experienced and she will be able to work effectively and take care of herself; for example engaging in physical activities to reduce her weight (Janssen LeBlanc, 2010). Since she might be addicted, she will be advised on how to deal with alcohol cravings such as talking to someone she trusts such as her father, keeping herself busy with other activities and self-encouragement based on reasons why she should not be drinking (Nigg et al., 2006). The above-mentioned guidelines would help Lauren to stop drinking and focus on the beneficial parts of her life. References Pescosolido, B. A., Martin, J. K., Long, J. S., Medina, T. R., Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G. (2010). A disease like any other? A decade of change in public reactions to schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(11), 1321-1330. Hosseinbor, M., Ardekani, S. M. Y. Bakhshani, S. (2014). Emotional and social loneliness in individuals with and without substance dependence disorder. International journal of high-risk behaviours addiction, 3(3). Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Skinner, E. A. (2008). Adolescents coping with stress: Development and diversity. Prevention Researcher, 15(4), 3-7. Moses, T. (2010). Being treated differently: Stigma experiences with family, peers, and school staff among adolescents with mental health disorders. Social science medicine, 70(7), 985-993. Sawyer, M.G., Miller, L.R., Clark, J.J. (2007). The mental health of 1317 year-olds in Australia: Findings from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 36:2, 185194. Glass, J. M., Buu, A., Adams, K. M., Nigg, J. T., Puttler, L. I., Jester, J. M., Zucker, R. A. (2009). Effects of alcoholism severity and smoking on executive neurocognitive function. Addiction, 104(1), 38-48. Buu, A., Mansour, M., Wang, J., Refior, S., Fitzgerald, H., Zucker, R. (2007). Alcoholism Effects on Social Migration and Neighborhood Effects on Alcoholism over the Course of 12Years. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(9), 1545-1551. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00449.x Nigg, J. T., Wong, M. M., Martel, M. M., Jester, J. M., Puttler, L. I., Glass, J. M., Zucker, R. A. (2006). Poor response inhibition as a predictor of problem drinking and illicit drug use in adolescents at risk for alcoholism and other substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(4), 468-475. Olanipekun, J. A., Bada, F. O. (2014). Alcoholism: A Social Deadly Disease of the Society. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development|| ISSN 22780211, 3(13). Sobell, M. B., Sobell, L. C., Peterson, A. L., Brundige, A., Hryshko-Mullen, A. (2009). Using Reduced Alcohol Consumption As A Strategy To Minimize Weight Gain When Stopping Smoking. Alcoholism: Clinical Experimental Research, 33, 245A. Janssen, I., LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 7(1), 40. Hallal, P. C., Victora, C. G., Azevedo, M. R., Wells, J. C. (2006). Adolescent physical activity and health. Sports Medicine, 36(12), 1019-1030.