Great expectations Essay

Ex plain how a key scene from the turn tail occupation Brothers by Willy Russell, might be spirit leveld and explain the function of the elect character in this expose of the play This essay is ab away broth Brothers by Willy Russell, I bequeath be freeing to describe the play which includes setting, appearance, characterisation, the role of the characters and correspond directions. I hope to achieve an understanding round the Musical and the purpose of the romance. Willy Russell is well known as the writer of plays and films such(prenominal) as Educating Rita, Shirley Valentine, Our Day Out, and the musical logical argument Brothers.His work has attracted huge and grateful audiences all all over the world. Willy spent the whole of 1982 turning the small exposestrip production of Blood Brothers into a full scale musical. The musical was front played at the Liverpool playhouse in 1983 and was a huge success. fix in a bleak Liverpool, the story centers on a supersta r mother of many. Mrs. Johnston, who delivers a decision that is to countenance far r to to each one oneing consequences, when she finds out that the next child she is expecting, which allow itself leave her on the verge of poverty, has a rival.Her decision will affect many lives, as she allows one twin to be raised by her childless employer Mrs. Lyons as her own Willy Russell uses a dark, dingy theme for paddy fields estate, making life spright television channelss duller and boring for everyone. But, he contrasts it with a nicer theme for where Edward lives. I bring forward this is to target the different lives the brothers lead and how close, lives could be the other way round for each of them. For rice paddys soliloquy, I would have Mickey sat start on the step outside his battered front door. He will be irritated with his head on his hands.I nominate surmise him with a toy car or a muddy bank messing about. He will evince his soliloquy with a great tedium to his voice while Edward walks on to the stage. The backdrop will be a long row of houses with symmetrical doors, all battered and raw push gates which atomic number 18 rusty. Also I can see Edward going up to Mickey and sitting in front of him, this is where he will introduce his first line. I picture both characters to look only different in clothes wear. For instance I think Mickey would be wearing plain grey pants, a plain turned coloured white t-shirt, and black shoes.Mickey ineluctably to look plain and like he doesnt wear high-ticket(prenominal) clothes. He needs to look filthy, especially since he has just came from the park. The audience should feel crime as such because his mum cant afford expensive clothes. On the other hand Edward needs to come across smartness and well dressed. For instance he should wear black pants, a saucy bright white shirt and a tie, although we dont compulsion Edward to come across snobby. I think the audience will empathize and like both boy s because they are bored, and are still very young.The role of the Brothers in the musical has a great sense of purpose for usage the irony, e. g. they fetch up up meeting and being friends, they call themselves blood brothers and they have a close brotherly relationship. Also to bring the play indulge although there is poverty and a baby being given away, to produce conflict and a plot. Also to make the audience curious about the story line. The character I am going to focus on is Mickey because he has a rougher background and to a greater extent interesting story behind him. At the end of Mickeys soliloquy the stage directions say,Bored and Petulant, Mickey sits and shoots an imaginary Sammy. Edward, also aged sevener appears. He is bright and forthcoming. I would have Mickey looking bored, but I think he should be mocking Sammy with jealousy. The next set of stage directions are involving Edward with his sweets. Mickey asks for one and Edward allows him to take one. Mickey will be careful and suspicious because he has taken notice that Sammy is deceitful, and its high-flown you genuinely get given a sweet. Mickey will accordingly examine the sweet before he actually puts it in his mouth.Towards the end of the scene, I will have directions of Mickey putting his arm most Edward, as they start to bond with each other. When Sammy enters the scene, Mickey will actually be a exact scared of him although he is patient of of an ne plus ultra towards him. I will have Mickey trying to get the hitman of Sammy, and when he fails he should join in the fantasy shoot out with Sammy. I think there are several most outstanding lines in these scenes firstly, at the beginning when Mickey says, Gis a Sweet, And Edward says alright. I think when Edward agrees to give Mickey a sweet this is the first fall guy of bonding between the two boys.I think this is the key line of the boys becoming such good friends later in the give. Also at the end of the scene when Mic key is standing up for Edward, when Sammy calls him. The whole book is about the irony that the brothers have bonded so well. I think the reasons for these are that they have become best friends when they first meet. The expressions used will make the audience understand the play more between the brothers. For instance, when Mickey reads his soliloquy, he will have a sound of jealousy to his voice this is so the audience knows he is jealous of Sammy.There are parts in his soliloquy which should stand out with his voice these are the last lines of each paragraph, But Im not Im nearly viii, Even though Im nearly eight. These lines should be read with anger so we know he is annoyed that he is only seven. The last line of his soliloquy, But I will by the time Im eight, should be read with delight so that he has not got long to wait now. The segment where Mickey tells Edward The F vocalize they should have there hand over there mouths, with laughter in there eyes because they find th e word funny.On page 19, when Sammy enters, Mickey is going to look a little frightened, and when he gives Sammy the sweet he will role his eyes up as if he gets his own way. I dont think there should be any props because we want the audience to be fully focused on the brothers because it is a key scene in the story. Maybe Sammy can have a toy gun, Mickey can have a toy car, and Edward will have a base of operations of sweets. I will have dramatic, intense music as they hold up themselves blood brothers and when they read the pledge because, this is the biggest, most humourous scene in the play.This scene in Blood Brothers is a very important part of the play. The boys first meet at the age of seven and bond extremely well, also they declare themselves Blood Brothers which is funny and ironic because they actually are, Blood Brothers. Also the two different characteristics they both have play hugely. The scene shows that lives could have been completely differently for each othe r, for example, Mickey could have been called Edward, and the other way round. It also shows how golf club is, this links with the themes Willy Russell uses. additionally this story line creates a massive comedy, with funny lines, being unconscious(predicate) of there factual relationship which they both have. Each boy represents society in contradictory ways Mickey represents the working-class of society, while on the other hand Edward represents the upper-class. Towards the end of the scene it gets a little more serious, Mrs. Johnstone enters. Mickey tells his Mum that they are Brothers. Mrs. Johnstone is shocked until he mentions that they are Blood Brother. She cant let anyone know what she has done because she has kind of sold her baby.

Current Market Research Report on Synthetic & Bio-Based Lubricants Market Essay

This study estimates and forecasts the demand for synthetic (mineral oils and chemical oils) and bio-based lubes in the international food market. Synthetic lubricants market has been segmented on the tush of various products including industrial, consumer automotive and commercial automotive lubricants. This segmentation has also been examine on a regional level, providing data for northwesterly America, Europe and Asia Pacific. Bio-based lubricants market has been segmented on the basis of applications such(prenominal) as hydraulic oil, chainsaw oil, turbine oil, metal on the job(p) oil and so on. Biolubricant demand has also been segmented on the basis of end-use industries such as commercial and consumer automotives. The study analyzes the entire lubricant intentness from the demand perspective and market data for all segmentations is provided both in terms of volumes and revenues with forecast for the period from 2013 to 2018.Various synthetic lubricant products canvas in this study include process oils, general industrial oils, hydraulic & transmission fluid, passenger vehicle engine & motor oil, metal functional fluids, heavy-duty engine oil, gear oil and grease. Bio-based lubricants have also been analyzed from raw material perspective, with estimates for vegetable oil-based and animal oil based lubes. The bio-based lubricant market by applications can be mainly divided into automotive, hydraulic, process, demolding, chainsaw, compressor, turbine, industrial gear, metal working oils and lubricating greases. The economies covered in this report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World (ROW).This report also includes Porters five forces model and the market share of major companies in 2011. A market attractiveness visibility has also been provided for bio-based lubricants which would assist in product development and specifications. Some of the recognize players that deal in synthetic and bio-based lubricants include Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon Mobil, British Petroleum, Chevron, Castrol, Fuchs and Total. The top 20 market participants have been profiled in this study, including data such as recent developments, financial performance, and product lines and so on.

Play It Again Sam Analysis Essay

Sam is an sensitive production, by far one of wooden Allens best ikons. It tells the story of Allan Felix, a neurotic New York moving-picture show critic who is left by his married woman, since according to her he is an observer, non a doer. This devastating event makes him f each into a deep economic crisis consequentially, he gets corporal aid from his married friends, Linda and Dick. However, this help appears not to be enough, Allans love life seems going nowhere until he creates a special connection with Linda, which leads him into her arms.My opinion about this movie being excellent is based on several facts, which can be easily appreciated when watching this extremely contr everywheresial film. The word controversial should be emphasise when analyzing this movie, considering that the topics discussed in it were not commonly discussed or confronted in the mid nineties, quantify in which this film was released. This movie is considered polemic due to the obvious critique s towards the Americans daily life, which is achieved by mentioning different subjects such as, habituation.This theme is delineate in a different way dep stopping point on the voice we focus with Allan, this topic is represented by the deep depression he waterfall into, which follows him though all the film. When focusing in other causa, Linda in this case, her dependence is shown by her pill addiction. Finally Dick, he is a workaholic, his dependence takes him to the oral sex when he starts comparing his love to his wife with an economical investment. These characters specify to depend on something so it is easier for them to be secure and comfortable, ignoring the problems surrounding them and escaping from reality.Stereotyping is another main theme in this movie. When Dick asks Allan how he liked women, he describes a model type Skinny, blond, good breasts. This stereotype of finished women is a consequence of the idol worshiping so characteristic of us, human beings. We all pass on mortal we follow. An actress, singer, model, etc. someone we relate ourselves with or because we want to curb something we dont like about ourselves, we always use someone as a reference and Allan is not the exception. Allans character is a Humphrey Bogart-obsessed film writer that has abundant imagination. Bogart himself appears as an apparition to give Allen advices.Allan I cant do it. How does it look? I invite her over and then come on like a sex degenerate. What am I, a rapist? Bogart Youre getting carried away. You think too much. proficient do it. Allan Were platonic friends. I cant hot up that by coming on. Shell slap my face. Bogart Oh, Ive had my face slapped plenty of times. Allan Yeah, only when your glasses dont go flying across the room. The sympathy why Woody Allen sets the title Play it again, Sam is because it is originally a quote from the film Casablanca, and as I already said onwards the main character is obsessed over this movie (Casablanca) and the main character of it.Not only the apparitions of imaginary characters and dependence on drugs and self unconformity plainly how music is applied to the film shows how Allan is essay to escape from reality and station himself in a romantic Bogart movie. Every time he has a date, he turns on the music volume really loud so that the atmosphere is more movies like or factionary. We can appreciate this all over the movie and mostly at the end when he quotes the ending of Casablanca. Finally, act too hard is the last main topic.Allan is always trying too hard for everything, making things tougher for himself and being clumsy. This is a quote from the movie demonstrating what I just stated, Allan What are you doing Saturday dark? Woman Committing Suicide. Allan What about Friday night? This character is always trying to fit in, we can appreciate in a scene on the movie the night after his wife leaves him that he goes to a pub and takes a drink but he doesnt really likes it, h e is juts doing what most of the men do trying to be normal.In conclusion, I believe this is a great movie, considering that it is not only hilarious but it is fascinating how the different elements used by the film director Herbert Ross such as, music, effects, lights and place set creates a perfect atmosphere for each of the scenes. Also, the actors chosen were all brilliant choices and how every character has its own meaning, contributing a special and unique theme to this Hellenic film. This movie is one of my favorite oldies.

Compare the Crucible and the Mccarthy Era Essay

The McCarthy era, which took place during the mid-fifties in the United States was a time hoi polloi was afraid of socialism. Ameri flowerpots believed the Soviet amount of money going to take over the government of the United States and the Statesns can lose their freedom. As a result of McCarthyism Arther Miller, wrote The Crucible because people was wrong accuse of collectivism like how in Salam that was accused of witchcraft.During this period, a mood of revere of communism existed in the United States due to certain of import events. One of these events was the trial of Alger hiss. Whittaker domiciliate a former Soviet core clams that Alger hiss had been giving the Soviet Union information intimately the united state government. In court chambers was ask active his association with Alger snicker. domiciliate had described how he stayed with Alger and his wife Priscilla for some time. Chambers said how tried to get Alger to leave the communist party, but he refused to leave the party.Alger hiss claim that he dont tell apart a man name Whittaker and he never seen him before in his life. Nixon asks chambers many questions about Algers nicknames, habits, vacations and hobbies. Chambers said the Hiss both had the same hobby amateur ornithologists and bird observers. On October 8, chambers find four notes handwritten by Alger hiss, copies of state documents and 35mm film. Alger was accused of making copies of state government. The documents were type using Woodstock typewriter.Another event that cause fear during the McCarthy era is the effect of the Korean War. The Korean War was between the noncommunist and communist. Korea was shared by the communist the north and noncommunist the south. On June 25, 1950 North Korea invaded to the south Korea. America sends over the navy, Army and some of the united nation to help southernmost Korea fight off North Korea. North Korea pushed past and got to the capital of South Korea call Seoul. The South Korea pushes them back to the 38th parallel line. The Korea war ultimately ended July of 1953. The Americans fear if they had let North Koreaconjured South Korea then communism will spread to the United States.During the 1987 the Soviet Union is trying to fix more deadly missiles and weapons. For the first time in 1986 an adversary has the top executive to destroy our country and us in the matters of minutes (Chapman). The Soviet Union has an advantage because they have nuclear missiles. Also the Soviet Union has through with(p) their research on ballistic missile defenses and land base missals.The temper of fear of communism in the United States leads to the rise of McCarthyism. McCarthyism is a mid-20th vitamin C political attitude characterized chiefly by opposition to elements held to be insurgent and by the use of tactics involving personal attacks on individuals by room of widely publicized indiscriminate allegations especially on the basis of unsupported charges. Joseph M cCarthy on December 2, 1954 was voted senate of the United States.McCarthy gave a speech on February 9, 1950 in West Virginia he said he had a list of 205 people in the State Department known to be members of the Communist Party. Joseph used his manipulate way and the eras fear of global communism allowed him to build power while destroying lives and careers. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities of private citizens, public employees, and t organizations pretend of having Communist ties.

Essay on Foundation of Technology Essay

In this essay, there argon components that differentiate an A paper and a B paper. The A hear evaluates criteria or ideas in the forefront and subordinates the details to the ideas. If you read with descriptive detail, insights lead to be lost or insufficiently developed. It to a fault focuses on the protect added engineering science tool and the value added of what the teacher does with the engineering science. The same technology derriere be used in different ways by teachers. withal the teacher remains the most important element in maximize students culture.For example, if a teacher shows a video, a satisfying paper addresses the value of the video and the effectiveness of the integration of the video to begin with and after the video is shown. Strengths and suggestions for improvements are also addressed. Generally the strongest essay takes a critical perspective and evaluates what works are done and how they derriere be improved. It also goes beyond motivation. These two are critical aspects of any learning and should non be undervalued. However, the strong essays should go beyond motivation, in mark to answer why a technology was motivating to students.Much of the judge insight comes from asking the why question and sometimes asking the questions more than than once. For instance an essay that argues that the students were motivated by the technology and were eng epochd the all told period, and that the students were captivated by technology and they explored different sites. The questions asked should be why the technology was motivating to the students and what engaged them and what made the technology captivating and how different subdued wares advance learning apart from motivating (Bayne, 1998, p. 38).The essay also explores readings in depth and also exploring conferences in depth too. I chose to discuss how I will use my new website to improve my direction methods. A website is very(prenominal) rewarding. It is fun and a great way keep in foregather with your family and students. The website has made impact on my image and also given me identity operator and global presence. I use my presentation skills, without the presence of the internet. I house also download content and harbour them in cds for schoolroom presentation.Students cease get information of upcoming events and changes from the web site. Teachers can now visit my website and download information for our thematic units. I can also help them purport theirs. It has also been useful in situations where I have to update it with my students work for parents to see and assist in their studies back down home. Its necessary for teachers to have their own websites in the modern age in order to create sites that can help their students. The fact that students exigency computer education to help them access the net should not be overlooked.This makes it easier for them to access information whenever they need it. The No Child Left croupe manda tes that students should be competent enough when it comes to technology since almost everything is technology base nowadays. They will have to know how to think critically, to be creative, analyze information, discover new ideas, communicate effectively, collaborate, solve problems, and make decisions (Bayne, 1998, p. 66). In my analysis, of my second lesson, I will trope a lesson plan to guide me through the teaching process.The topic is about the importance of compound technology, applying the standards of education and the use of assessments. Ive realized that integrating technology raises learning through encouraging and simplifying the desire and grasping of the spuriousing of the content being taught. Application of new technology in classroom environment by students has helped to improve learning outcomes which elusive deeper understanding. From the peer review conducted, I realized that the students enjoyed the integration of technology in the classroom and retained content in their minds.Introducing standards of education in the classroom will enhance the learning experience by pointing students to available design and marketing tools, and best industry practices. Knowledge of these standards makes the students align the educational fantasy with real-world applications and market issues. If students dont learn about educational standards, they whitethorn need elementary instruction in their first jobs, have a higher propensity for operating outside of best or accepted industry practices, waste resources and fail in duties to align their products or serve with desired markets.Without a guide line component in their education, students may graduate without knowing the barriers presented by using incorrect standards, and without realizing the importance of standards in marketing and product acceptance. If the regulatory standards in reference are not met it results into product non-conformance, or higher development or other costs. Students h ave to understand the need to design, from inception, to the standards required to achieve marks. When creating a lesson plan, the teacher should fork the students the objective of the lesson, teach the objective, and evaluate the objective.This means that the lesson plan should contain the severalise concept of the topic, objectives, pre- readying, learning materials, Anticipatory Set (How I will model the children so that they will learn what I want to teach. It will also have the procedure I will take when teaching and length of my teaching process. Closure is also needed. This is the summary of the topic and finally paygrade (Bayne, 1998, p. 113). Assessment can be formal or informal when integrating technology. Most software packages have assessments or built in criteria in it.I have learned that incorporating electronic portfolio is another way to enhance teaching with technology or a teacher can design their own rubrics. However, innovative activities require a reliable and valid mean of measuring students progress along with student journals and designing projects. In conclusion, the lesson planning was great and I thank God I had the opportunity to contain technology in my class and enhance learning for my students.Reference Bayne, J. N. (1998). strategical plans for technology. New York Hill crest.

Effects of Technology on Social Groups Essay

The emergence of technology has brought about different complaisant magnetic cores. Some support muzzy while separates have gained from the technology. A outstanding part of technology involves working with machines and this has resulted into less human labor and well-nigh of the spate have been rendered jobless by the machines. This is a negative effect on the companionable group that was working together since some have to be laid off to give way for the machines. Some people have become wealthier while others have become poor and this has created a gap between the two groups.This has changed the expectations of many people in the social environment (Langdon, 1986). For those who have studied how to work with the machines they ar enjoying and getting surrounding(prenominal) to their social groups. People can easy work from home and this has make working easier. Social groups can work together on the profit and they can even share a network. Most of the technology lies in the computer and through the computer people can easily prate with all their friends in the social websites.People also find spouses and lost friends on the internet and this is a merit of technology since people forbear in touch even when they are far from each other (English-Lueck 1998). In social groups like families, technology has led to breakups of close family ties sinfulness the family members can communicate by sending an email and chatting. They feel that they are close to their relatives even when they are in distant places hence they do not bother to travel home. This has made most of the parents to lose secure over their children. This is a way in which technology has created freedom for the four-year-old generation (Ruth. 1989).References1. Ruth Schwartz Cohen, (1989), More work for mother The Ironies of Household engineering from the open hearth to the Microwave, London, Free Association Books 2. Langdon Winner, (1986), The Whale and the Reactor A Search for Lim its in an Age of High engineering science, Chicago, University of Chicago press 3. J. A. English-Lueck, (1998), Technology and Social Change The effects of family and community retrieved October 31, 2008 from website http//www. sjsu. edu/depts/anthropology/svcp/SVCPcosa. html

Big Data

The breadth of centers MEMO inventory that encompasses for severally one(prenominal) wireless telephone blemishs is unmatched in the wireless accessory industry. 1. 2 Executive Summary This document represents the artifacts collected for the Customer Cell b allege Accessories Purchase Project at Accessories Fulfillment Center (AFC) located in Houston, TX. AFC involve to have a program that depart engage its node to get satisfactorily business experience. The purpose of this confinement is to develop a high level entropy blend program from the client entrance into the web state of affairs to the successful purchase. Our mission is to urinate value.We want to deliver a swear out w here(predicate) customers merchant ship find and discover entirely cell phone drives that they might want to buy online, and endeavors to unfold its customers the lowest possible scathes. all(prenominal) client has their own highly complex fulfillment and poundistics challenges and we are here to help plus operating income, leverage cede on orderment, cleanse market agility, and light upon higher levels of customer service. We believe that our customer This physical composition ordain highlight the data elements needed to support such a program as intumesce as the contracts and sub-entities that come into play.It provide steering initially on the interactions requisite between our customers and dodgings as well as the methods they may use to make these purchases. Next it bequeath discuss the data elements that deed to be considered in these transactions. We will bear a full attri aloneed Entity Relationship diagram (RED) showing the entities, firstbornhand and foreign keys, as well as the individual data attributes needed by each entity. We will to a fault cover the contracts held between these entities. A info Flow chuff (videodisc) will also be provided to depict the flow of data by the formations and the work / abuting performed by the transcription.This will cover the logical design of the ashes. nettly, we will discuss our decision analysis with a matrix of potence solutions and the final decision we landed on. . 3 Problem statement numerous companies and institutions have lack of designed web based application that can help and offer better service to customers employees and give outs. As AFC Houston, its official site of AFC web Just shows the raw material development of the guild and the variety of cross federal agency. If customers need to buy accessories from AFC, they have to drive to AFC or make phone yell to AFC. As we can see the AFC web is not customized and ineffectively to increase sale.So the main problem is the comp each needs an online shop system in which can show office web schooling and has unctions such as harvest-festival lookup, customer registration, product ordering and online remuneration. With the juvenile system, AFC can create value and offer customer a better shop ex perience. 1. 4 Assumption There are two assumptions we assume for establishing AFC online shop system 1 . It is common for company to use network technology to digitalise system of information management. 2. The customer prefers to use online obtain system to achieve the purchasing activity.Online shop System indispensableness Analysis 2. 1 urgency Definition E-commerce makes our shopping experiences more convenience, fast and versification. AFC online shop system not only needs to have the basic chokes of identify the AFC online shopping system flow in manikin 1 . Then we define the useable fatalitys and non-functional requirements. 3 AFC online shopping system flow 2. 2. 1 Functional Requirement According to the characteristic of AFC online shopping systems basic process, we define some internal components for system function. 1 Only the social station can use the function of shopping drag in. Products information needs a classification to drug users search. 3 shop g et behind needs serial emergence. phalluss can postulate the order. Considering these components, the main functions of the AFC online shopping system are embodied in the operation of providing, saving, updating and curious which include member information management, product information management, shopping cart management, order management and payment method. The figure 2 shows the frame of system function module. 4 System Function Module We can solve more functional requirement in detail from the diagram above. ) penis Register and Login earlier refreshingly user puts the products into the cart, the system will authorise the user to sign up the new account part. New user has to fill in the information such as title, war cry, Email address, phone number. The existing member then needs to enter the correct surname and password. The system will check the data and authorize the member to log in. B) Modify Members Information User can modify their registration information afterwards log in which includes surname, c) Administrator User Administrator is a special user it can manage normal account, classify the products and demand with order. ) range the product all(prenominal) the guest and member can cultivate the products. E) Manage shopping cart Add products into shopping cart Browse the shopping cart Member can see the list of shopping particular includes quantity, serial number, and total harm in their own shopping cart. Delete the products Edit the quantity of product Clear the shopping cart f) Order processing System will generate the order after member go to check in shopping cart. The system provide the function of require order to members after they complete the purchasing activity. ) hire Method The system will allow member pay the product by Credit Debit card payment or Papal. 2. 1. 2 Non-functional requirement a) Operational management The system should run on any PC, eludet Pc, mobile phone which can be connected to internet. M ISSES 6 Final Project The system should always be monitored by one of the execute during its working time. B) Security No members can access any new(prenominal) members personal information and purchase record. wholly the personal information fill in AFC web Just can be seen by registrants himself and the administer who has been authorized.The information should be saved during transmission by Secure Sockets Layer(SSL) software, which encrypts information member input. C) Cultural and Political All content included on AFC site, such as text, graphics, logos, button icons and images is the property of AFC s content suppliers and protected by the United States and international copyright laws. Customer satisfaction is Oafs goal. All the question and complaint that the system received will be get laid within 48 hours. 3. Orders are guaranteed to ship within 1-2 days.The Entity Relationship Diagram helps us better to understand our data warehousingd into the database. Each entity table specify is on the basis of requirements needed to fulfill our Customer Online Shopping System. For instance, Product_Detail entity table represents the information that needs to store for every new product, it can be updated or deleted. Same with Member_Detail entity table, it is required to store data for every new customer willing to become member of the company. The Member entity table represents data that is laughable for every member of the company, e surname and password.The Cart_lutes entity table represents the number of different products that a customer wants to have in his shopping cart. The Shopping Cart entity table has all the information of various products kept in the cart y the customer. It is nothing but the shopping bag with all the purchase lucubrate in it. Payment entity table takes cares of the payment required to make by the customer for the purchase from the company. And 7 Order_Detail table shows the en heavy(p) of the purchase do by the customer .A customer can directly inquire the status of his purchase made from the company. Each attributes in the table includes the details required will be stored each entity. The following is the explanation of primary keys, foreign keys and cardinality of relationship of each entity table ) Member elemental gravestone User_ID User can be of two types, either returning earlier customer or guest. Previous customer has their information available in system so they Just need to put their surname and password but for new customer we required to have all the basic information.Therefore, there is relationship between Member and Member Detail. B) Member_Detail Primary trace Member_old Foreign secern User_old. New customers willing to be member of the company need their data to be entered. There is relationship between Member and Member_Detail and IM relationship tit product. C) Product_Detail Primary samara Product_old All the wears and tears of the product need to be stored in this ta ble. There is IM relationship with Member and MN relationship with Cart_lutes. D) Cart_lutes Primary Key Correlate_old Foreign Key Product_old.Product_Detail. E) Outcroppings Primary Key Cart_old Foreign Key Member_old, Correlate_old 8 There is IM relationship with Cart_lutes table, 11 relationship with payment and relationship with Member Detail. This table contains all the details of product that a customer is willing to buy. F) Payment Primary Key Payment_old. There would be 11 relationship between payment and Cart_late and also after successful verification of the payment, there is 11 relationship with the Order_Detail. G) Order_Detail Primary Key Order_old.There is 11 relationship with the payment and Ml with Member. A member can directly inquire for the status of his purchase with the order_old. The Entity Relationship Diagram for Customer Online Shopping system of Accessory Fulfillment Center is shown below in figure 3. 9 Entity Relationship Diagram Logical design Proce ss Modeling (DVD) DVD is a graphical representation of the flow of data through and through an information system. Based on the functional requirement and RED, the processes and entity of AFC online shopping system is clear.We draw the stage setting diagram and DVD level O diagram for our system. The context diagram defines how the computer system interacts with its environment. In AFC case, external entities are the customer who will need the various services from the system, and the administration office who will manage and request the reports. The figure 4 shows how AFC online system interacts with guest, member and administer. place setting Diagram The level O diagram shows all the processes at the first level of numbering, the data stores, external entities, and data flow among them.We define 3 external entities, 8 processes and 5 data stores. The system data flow starts from the customer browses AFC web and register the membership. Next the customer will submit the product to shopping cart then pay the product which will generate the order. Each order will have a unique number for customer to track the order activities. The number will also help administer to manage the order. Administer is external entities who will do he background work such as manage the membership and deal with the order.The figure 5 and 6 will show each process event and the integrated level O DVD. DVD split 1 run into 6 Decision Analysis In order to measure how beneficial or practical an information system will be to an organization, we consider conduct feasibility analysis on the AFC online shopping system. The feasibility analysis is an evaluation and analysis of the potential of a proposed project which is based on extensive investigation and research to support the process of decision making. This part will elaborate the feasibility analysis from Brobdingnagian data data was only realized after the scanners were multi-dimensional software were made broadly installed. iodi ne could say that the data were the available. Twenty-five years ago, extensive Data genre- work over fumes resulting from the primary use of dated by PUC point-of-sale scanners changed the The scanners to occur the costs of damage marking face of market in the consumer encase goods Oust as immediately, oversize Data are a great deal specify to be data (CUP) industry by cause marketing pass to that are a by-product of the use of a computer to toss ominously in favor of price discounts and remote solve an running(a) problem). Cent years, from advertize. Today, real-time digital Big Data generated by From the running(a) Audit to Digital Scanning the Internet offer the ostensible benefits of pro- The come to on Short-term grocery storeing Strategies viding consumers with an easy way to find the Before the advent of scanner data, CUP marketers lowest price for any product while also arming had to rely on bi-monthly manual audits of stores marketers with dramatically expanded advertising to understand the trends in their blade gross revenue and optimisation capabilities. Arrest share at retail (See Figure 1). The data were Marketers would be wise, however, to heed the sessions of history and recognize that for all the not available until half dozen weeks after the end of the bi-month period. Benefits Big Data afford, they also come with per- Then, suddenly, retailers and manufacturers had Is that may not be as readily apparent. Ultimately, by the way access to each week (and even daily) scanner real-time digital Big Data mustiness be used correctly if data.The granuloseity of these new data distinctly they are to have a positive jar on brand health revealed the substantial affect of short mar- and remediate marketing return on investment (ROI) kiting tactics, including temporary price reductions tooth today and in the future. support by newspaper advertisements (which communicated the price) along with prominent in- diachronic PERSP ECTIVE store merchandising support-?often in the form of How the availableness of Data Has end-aisle displays (See Figure 2).Transformed Markets Though auditing data showed a relatively steadfast Back in the sass, the motivation for retailers to bi-monthly sales trend, periodical scanner data clearly invest $1 50,000 to equip a typical supermarket with revealed the large and volatile sales increases that PUC scanners was not the value of the data they occurred when newspaper feature film advertisements would obtain but rather the cost savings from not announced price reductions and in-store merchant- having to price mark each of the hundreds of thou- dosing support was implemented.Armed with this sands details on stores shelves. With scanners, it was type of granular information, retailers were able to necessary only to display each SKU (stock-keeping pressure manufacturers for more trade-promotion units) price via a sign at the shelf because the check- dollars, and manufactur ers-?as a result of the out cash register obtained the price for each undivided- tillers pressure along with their own desire for all item by flavor up the items PUC code in the a short-term sales lift-? volitionally increased their stores PUC/price file as the item was scanned.With this advent of these new data sources, CUP marketing Business often looked quite perpetual underwent a fundamental marketing shift from advertising to price discounting. periodical Brand Sales 50 Today, software behemoth SAP regorge reports that the average CUP manufacturer spends fully 67 percent of its marketing budget on trade promotion and 10 percent on direct- $ Millions to-consumer promotions (mainly cents-off coupons), whereas less than 23 percent is 20 dog-tired on stigmatization advertising. With so 10 much being exhausted on retailer incentives that, in turn, then are used to temporarilyJan-Feb. Mar-Par May-June constrict price, the concern that resonates July-Gauge through the industr y is that brand equity Figurer Market Information in CUP Before Scanners Brand Sales deliberate by periodic Manual Store Audits is being eroded as consumers become educate to buy on the basis of price discounts alone. Thats an enlarged situation for any brand. Big Data in the Digital existence but weekly scanner data revealed to retailers and manufacturers the huge short- term impact of trade promotions. 70 % Volume Sold (Newspaper/Display/Price Discount) dollar sign Sales -10 Jan 12 Jan 19 Jan 26Big dataData was only realized after the scanners were multi-dimensional software were made broadly installed. One could say that the data were the available. Twenty-five years ago, Big Data genre- exhaust fumes resulting from the primary use of dated by PUC point-of-sale scanners changed the The scanners to eliminate the costs of price marking face of marketing in the consumer packaged goods Oust as today, Big Data are often defined to be data (CUP) industry by causing marketing spen ding to that are a by-product of the use of a computer to tilt ominously in favor of price discounts and away solve an operational problem). Cent years, from advertising. Today, real-time digital Big Data generated by From the Analog Audit to Digital Scanning the Internet offer the ostensible benefits of pro- The Impact on Short-term Marketing Strategies viding consumers with an easy way to find the Before the advent of scanner data, CUP marketers lowest price for any product while also arming had to rely on bi-monthly manual audits of stores marketers with dramatically expanded advertising to understand the trends in their brand sales and optimization capabilities. Arrest share at retail (See Figure 1). The data were Marketers would be wise, however, to heed the sessions of history and recognize that for all the not available until six weeks after the end of the bi-month period. Benefits Big Data afford, they also come with per- Then, suddenly, retailers and manufacturers had Is th at may not be as readily apparent. Ultimately, timely access to weekly (and even daily) scanner real-time digital Big Data must be used correctly if data.The granularity of these new data clearly they are to have a positive impact on brand health revealed the substantial impact of short-term mar- and improve marketing return on investment (ROI) kiting tactics, including temporary price reductions tooth today and in the future. Supported by newspaper advertisements (which communicated the price) along with prominent in- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE store merchandising support-?often in the form of How the Availability of Data Has end-aisle displays (See Figure 2).Transformed Markets Though auditing data showed a relatively stable Back in the sass, the motivation for retailers to bi-monthly sales trend, weekly scanner data clearly invest $1 50,000 to equip a typical supermarket with revealed the large and volatile sales increases that PUC scanners was not the value of the data they occurred when newspaper feature advertisements would obtain but rather the cost savings from not announced price reductions and in-store merchant- having to price mark each of the hundreds of thou- dosing support was implemented.Armed with this sands items on stores shelves. With scanners, it was type of granular information, retailers were able to necessary only to display each SKU (stock-keeping pressure manufacturers for more trade-promotion units) price via a sign at the shelf because the check- dollars, and manufacturers-?as a result of the out cash register obtained the price for each undivided- tillers pressure along with their own desire for all item by looking up the items PUC code in the a short-term sales lift-?willingly increased their stores PUC/price file as the item was scanned.With this advent of these new data sources, CUP marketing Business often looked quite stable underwent a fundamental marketing shift from advertising to price discounting. Bimonthly Brand Sales 50 Toda y, software giant SAP GAG reports that the average CUP manufacturer spends fully 67 percent of its marketing budget on trade promotion and 10 percent on direct- $ Millions to-consumer promotions (mainly cents-off coupons), whereas less than 23 percent is 20 spent on branding advertising. With so 10 much being spent on retailer incentives that, in turn, then are used to temporarilyJan-Feb. Mar-Par May-June reduce price, the concern that resonates July-Gauge through the industry is that brand equity Figurer Market Information in CUP Before Scanners Brand Sales Measured by Bimonthly Manual Store Audits is being eroded as consumers become trained to buy on the basis of price discounts alone. Thats an unhealthy situation for any brand. Big Data in the Digital World but weekly scanner data revealed to retailers and manufacturers the huge short- term impact of trade promotions. 70 % Volume Sold (Newspaper/Display/Price Discount) Dollar Sales -10 Jan 12 Jan 19 Jan 26

Strategy of Apple Brand

foreign BUSINESS STRATEGY OF PARENT COMPANY When a firm decides to go international with their melodic phrase they must face m some(prenominal) competitive decisions. cardinal of the most important decisions a guild leave behind face be the pressures for hail reduction and pressures for local responsiveness. The pressure of cost reduction forces a firm to lower their respect of the cost of creation. Firms can outsource to places where cost of their products atomic number 18 much cheaper or they can mass-produce a interchangeable product in superstar location. A firm must urinate the feeling of local representation.E real countrified has its make way of life. If a company does not adhere to each countrys differences in tralatitious business practices, distribution channels, and the demands from the host government, there will be no reason going international. Customers in diverse countries in all hold to their own ways of doings things. It is important for a multina tional firm to ar breathe aw be of all traditions and rules in the countries of entry. There are four antithetical strategies an international corporation can choose from. They are global standardization, localization, international and international. separately outline leads to the deciding factor that firms will use to determine the nitty-gritty of pressures for cost reduction and local responsiveness. Global standardization is used to append profitability by bugger offing cost reductions through economies of outstrip. A firm whom wants to operate a low-cost dodging on a global scale will normally offer a product that can be mass-produced at a low cost. A localization schema offers a product that is custom to the host country. The product satisfies the countries preferences and taste. The third scheme is transnational.It is used when the firm is faced with strong pressures for both reduction and localization. This strategy is hardly used when competitors are in the mar ket because it is hard for a firm to please the local tastes and preferences of its customers at a low cost. The give-up the ghost strategy is international. This strategy is used when firms are confronted with low pressures for both cost reductions and local responsiveness. This strategy is scarcely used when competition places the market. With each strategy, business can find which one works best for their organization.Also grammatical case Study will describe why orchard apple tree Inc. is a very successful company.Companies will decide to go international depending on the country it chooses to inscribe and the amount of profit it can earn. In corporate strategy there are two types of diversification, linked and constrained. Companies using linked diversification, enter new businesses when it relates in some way to anformer(a) business they are already in but it does not necessarily encounter any connection to their other businesses. If they are using constrained diversifica tion, they only enter a new business if it is based on their core resources or competencies.Companies based on linked diversification have little viscidity to their overall corporate strategy, while companies using constrained diversification ply to be more focused. Constrained diversification allows companies to maximize the effect of their resources because they are shell outd (100). Apple is a personal computer, hardware and software company, inherently leading to use constrained diversification because they utilize their competition and they share resources between businesses. For example iPods, iPads, iPhones, MacBooks and Apple TVs all run on the uniform operating system.This intends customers to link their music with laptops, TVs, cell phones and other Apple products. This allows for a more appealing product to the customer. Apple is saving money by sharing resources throughout their multinational business. The product of Apple has such a distinct business that competito rs have not been able to match their techniques. Each electronic device is unique, allowing for them to be used anywhere in the universe and each is different from any of its competitors. Apples goal for a mobile business is to be fundamentally innovated and differentiable.It does not concentrate on the size of its industry because it maintains strong profit margins that have high percentages in the industrys profit share. Apple does not focus on the quantity of its products but the quality and relevance. . Peter Drucker wrote that What makes the future happen is eer a businesss embodiment of an idea of a different economy, a different technology, a different society. It need not be a big idea but it must be one that differs from the norm of today. This means defining what the devices are (e. . , a pocketable device, or a tablet-sized device), and what they do. Apple must do this through perpetual innovation. Apple has secured itself as the industry innovator and a position of authorisation by constantly defining what their products are and what their products do. Since Apple is continuously redefining the industry, they do not need an overwhelming market share. Apple can run the market through their intelligence of inventing new electronics and the respect they have for their customers.Apples basic business model is to sell hardware every other product, iTunes, Apps, operating systems, is to make their hardware more valuable. The main goal of this strategy is to maximize the value of the firm. Customers are willing to pay high prices to obtain products of high value and high quality. Within an international business setting, firms are competing to receive the highest profit against one another. Apple is competing at a differentiation strategy. They increase the attractiveness of their products, making the products stand out so customers will purchase their products over another.Apples strategic positioning choice is to have high valued electronics that all customers want. Apple products are unique compared to the rest of the world. This allows Apple to charge a higher price. Many people are willing to buy Apple products because they are well produced, have a high quality and are known as a sumptuosity item to the customers of Apple. Apples main goal is to maximize all values for the firm. This includes increasing shareholder value in a legal, good and a socially responsible manner. Managers can increase the profitability of a firm by pursuing strategies that lower costs or by pursuing strategies that add value to the firms products. Managers can in like manner increase the rate at which the firms profits leaven over time by pursuing strategies to sell more products in existing markets or by pursuing strategies to enter new markets. Apple is always looking at new ways to increase its value and shareholder profit. Our main strategy to increase profit is to add value, swipe prices and to enter new markets.

Capacity planning Essay

WHAT IS aptitude PLANNING? talent croupe be defined as the ability to hold, receive, store, or accommodate a measure of an nerves ability to provide customers with the pauperismed services or goods in the amount pass and in a timely manner. Capacity planning is the process of envision the drudgery depicted object needed by an arranging to meet changing motive for its products. The objectives of contentedness planning areTo identify and solve readiness problem in a timely manner to meet consumer needs. To go for a balance between required strength and for sale readiness. The remnant of cognitive content planning is to minimize this discrepancy.Capacity is calculated (number of machines or snipers) (number of shifts) ( example) (efficiency).THE pack FOR CAPACITY PLANNINGCapacity planning is the counterbalance step when an organization decided to produce more or a new product. in one case dexterity is evaluated and a need for a new expanded speediness is de ma rginined, facility location and process technology activities occur. Too much faculty would require exploring ways to reduce capacity, such as temporarily closing, selling, or consolidating facilities. Consolidation might involve relocation, a combining of technologies, or a rearrangement of equipment and processes. Capacity planning is done in order to estimate whether the demand is higher than capacity or lower thancapacity. That is canvass demand versus capacity. It helps an organization to identify and plan the actions necessary to meet customers largess and early demand.HOW IS CAPACITY MEASURED?For some organization capacity is open to measure. General Motors Corporation can use numbers of automobiles per year. But what to the highest degree organization whose product lines are more diverse? For these firms, it is hard to find a common unit of output. As a substitute, capacity can be expressed in terms of input. A legal chest of drawers may express capacity in terms of t he number of attorneys busy per year. A custom job shop or an auto revive shop may express capacity in terms of available labour hours and/or machine hours per week, month, or year. Capacity can be expressed in terms of input & output, depending on the nature of origin. geological formation Measure Output Automobile manufacturer numbers pool of autos Steel producer Tones of steel Power company Megawatts of electricity Input Airline Numbers of seat Hospital Number of beds Tax office Number of greenbackantsCAPACITY PLANNING DECISIONCapacity planning normally involves the following activitiesAssessing existent capacity.Forecasting capacity needs. marking alternative ways to modify capacity.Evaluating financial, economical, and technological capacity alternatives.Selecting a capacity alternative most suited to achieving strategic mission. triple STEPS OF CAPACITY PLANNING keep an eye on Service Level RequirementsThe first step on the capacity planning process is to categorize the work done by systems and to quantify users expectation for how the work gets down.Define workloadsDetermine the unit of workIdentify service levels for each workload dissect current capacityNext, the current capacity of the system must be analyzed to determine how it is meeting the needs of the users.Measure service levels and compare to objectivesMeasure boilers suit resources usages.Measure resource usages by workloadIdentify components of response timePlanning for futureFinally, utilise forecasts of future business activity, future system requirements are determined. Implementing the required changes in system configuring will ensure that sufficient capacity will be available to throw service level, even as circumstanced change in the future. Determine future processing requirementsPlan future system configurationSTRATIGES FOR MODIFYING CAPACITY by and by existing and future capacity requirements are assessed, alternative ways of modifying capacity must be identified. Capacity refers to a systems latent for producing goods or delivering services over a specified time interval. Capacity planning involves long-term and short term considerations. Long-term considerations relate to the overall level of capacity short-term considerations relate to variations in capacityrequirements ascribable to seasonal, random, and irregular fluctuations in demand.Excess capacity arises when actual production is little than what is achievable or optimal for a firm. This often means that the demand in the market for the product is below what the firm could potentially preparation to the market. Excess capacity is inefficient and will cause manufacturers to incur tautological cost or lose market share.Short-term Responses-For short-term periods of up to one year, neckclothamental capacity id fixed. Major facilities are seldom undefended or closed on a regular monthly or yearly basis. Many short-term adjustments for increasing or decreasing capacity are possible, howev er. Which adjustment to make depended on whether the conversion process is generally labour-or capital-intensive and whether the product is one that can be stored in inventory.Long-term Responses- elaborateness from World War II through the 1960s, the U.S. economy was one of abundance and growth. Since the 1970s the United States has encountered problems of scarce resources and a more competitive economy. government today cannot be locked into thinking only about expanding the resource beggarly they must also consider optimal approaches to contracting it.Example- A warehousing operation foresees the need for an supererogatory 100,000 square feet of space by the end of the next five year. One option is to add an additional 50,000 square feet now and another 50,000 square feet two year from now. some other option is to add the wide 100,000 square feet now. Estimated costs for building the entire addition now are $50/square foot. If expanded incrementally, the initial 50,000 squ are feet will cost $60/square foot. The 50,000 square feet to be added later are estimated at $80/square foot. Which alternative is offend? At a minimum, the lower construction costs plus excess capacity costs of total construction now must be compared with higher costs of deferred construction. The operation manager must consider the costs, benefits, and risks of each option.WHAT ARE THE MODELS AND TECHNIQUES THAT ARE USEFUL FOR CAPACITY PLANNING?Present treasure outline It is used to evaluate the time of capital investment and fund flows. Aggregate planning models it is useful for examining the way of using the examining the way of using the existing capacity in the short terms. Break even analysis to determine the minimum break even volumes of production. Linear programming this is accommodating in determining the optimum product mix for maximizing contribution, considering the capacity constraints. Computers simulation it is helpful to determine the effects of various schedu ling policies. finis tree analysis this can be applied for long term capacity problems.WHAT ARE ECONOMIES OF SCALE?It is well known principle of economics. It indicates the consanguinity between cost and capacity in an operating system. When output increases in an operating system, the system is likely to experience cost advantages on account several factors. Due the following reasons the average unit cost begins to nightfall with the rise in output level Spreading the fixed costs of capacity over a larger outputImproved utilization of several resources in the systemCost benefit in procurement on account of increased volume.Efficient use of supervisory and care staff.The economies of scale cease to occur beyond a level of production or output. This is called Diseconomies of scale. There can be several reasons for this unable management due to largeness of operation and resultant lack of coordination. employ of machineries and break down of material handling equipments Over h iring of employees, or unjustified overtime.Service slowdowns due to increasing complexitiesIncrease in quality problems because of misdirection and lack of focus.EFFECIENY AND UTILIZATIONUtilisation = actual OutputDesign capacityBoth measures expressed in percentageExample- Design capacity= 50 trucks/dayEffective capacity= 40 trucks/dayActual output= 36 units/day

Why Standardized Tests Are Ineffective at Measuring a Student’s Capabilities

A Test Destined For Failure In America, standardise interrogation has become a prevalent method for testing the educational baron of students. Tests such as the SAT for College and the California STAR for elementary and jr. high students control been administered since the beginning of the 20th century. These tests argon often considered by many as crucial for the academic improvement of students into further education, such as an elementary student being promoted from third to fourth note or a high school senior applying to college.However, standardized tests have setbacks which could jeopardize a students future academic progression given he/she fails to pass. Therefore, I believe standardized tests ar uneffective at measuring a students capabilities and hence throw in with true(a) academic learning. Standardized tests assess the capability of the student to oppose to the test in an appropriate manner. It does not factor in true familiarity retention, the key element to a successful academic exam. Students who are faced with any form of outrage are most drastically affected by the consequences of standardized testing.The National Center for Fair and pioneer Testing (FairTest) calls these tests very inaccurate and encourage the use of overly academic, developmentally inappropriate primary learning. Inappropriate schooling is described as schooling not appropriate to the childs emotional, social or intellectual development and to the variability in childrens development. Students who are incapable of possessing necessary test-taking skills such as focus for long durations, budgeting time, etc fail these tests while their true knowledge of the material may prove otherwise.Students who rely on rote memorization and superficial knowledge pass the test when in fact they should not. Standardized tests are unremarkably and widely criticized for their bias towards children of privileged backgrounds who more likely than others possess a set of k nowledge and skills that result in higher scores. Alfie Kohn, an author on education writes ample families, schools, and districts are better able to afford test preparedness materials, and the most effective versions of such materials. It is fair to say then, that those receiving a poorer totally step education will be at a significant disadvantage compared to those who can or already received quality instruction and education related to the test. Charles Murray, a former Harvard graduate writes in his article overthrow the SAT for the journal The American, The SAT test isnt the problem. The children of the well educated and affluent get most of the top scores because they constitute most of the smartest kids.They are smart not because their parents are well educated, but because their parents are smart. Murray summarizes his whole point with a bold claim, if youre rich, you can buy your kids a high SAT score. Although the topic of standardized testing is widely debated and argued, the belief of such an important test with many innate flaws existing in the education system is shocking and appalling to many. Standardized tests were created to assess a students true academic potential.However, the variables and factors that influence these tests cause standardized testing throughout the world to be ineffective at that task. whole works Cited FairTest. How Standardized Testing Damages Education. FairTest. The National Center for Fair and wanton Testing, 20 Aug. 2007. Web. 9 Sept. 2011. . Kohn, Alfie. Standardized Testing and Its Victims. Education Week. Alfie Kohn, 27 Sept. 2000. Web. 9 Sept. 2011. . Murray, Charles. Abolish the SAT. The American. The Journal of the American Enterprise Institute, July 2007. Web. 9 Sept. 2011. .

Network Neutrality

SHOULD NETWORK NEURALITY CONTINUE? DRAFT compendium This case study from the beginning pauperizationed to know the kind of net enforce the reader is and how their usage is affecting the bandwidth making it slow wad the entire cyberspace. It went further to discuss reports which indicated that rehearse demand for the internet could outspace mesh capacity by 2011 which would result in slow performance on websites such as youtube and facebook with other improvements. The debate about metering internet physical exercise centres was also raised. last-placework disinterest which is the idea of internet help providers whollyowing customers equal entrance fee to center and applications regardless of the obtain or nature of the content was the attain issue discussed in this case study. It brought to the fore the fact that presently the internet is indeed neutral because it was built on phone lines, which be suit to common carriage laws. These laws require phone companies to underwrite alone calls and customers equally. Which core that they cannot offer extra benefits to customers willing to pay higher premiums for high-velocity or cle atomic number 18r calls.Due to bandwidth consumed by content being delivered over the internet, Telecom and c satisfactory companies want to be able to charge differentiated prices. Advocates of net disinterest are pushing congress to regulate the industry which would require web providers to give over from these flakes of practices. Some companies report that 5 portion of their customers use about half(prenominal) the capacity on local lines without give any(prenominal) more than low-usage customers. They dry land that metered pricing is the fairest way to finance necessary investments in its network infrastructure. meshwork service providers eyeshade to the upsurge in buccaneering of copyrighted substantials over the net profit as a reason to fend for network neutrality. Comcast reported that vile file sharing of copyrighted material was consuming 50 percent of its network capacity. The company posits that if network contagious disease rates were slower for this type of content, users would be less likely to download or devil it. curtsey Kahn, another co-inventor of the profit Protocol opposes network neutrality saying that it removes the incentive for network providers to innovate, provide new capabilities, and advertize to new technology.ANSWERS 1. What is network neutrality? Why has the Internet operated under net neutrality up to this point in time? Network neutrality is the idea that Internet service providers must allow customers equal access to content and applications regardless of the source or nature of the content. Presently the Internet is indeed neutral all Internet traffic is treated equally on a first-come, first-serve seat by Internet backbone owners.The Internet is neutral because it was built on phone lines, which are subject to common carriage laws. Comm on letter carrier law reflects a business principle that strives to avoid discrimination in a wide range of commercial practices. These laws require phone companies to treat all calls and customers equally. They cannot offer extra benefits to customers willing to pay higher premiums for faster or clearer calls, a model knows as tiered service. 2. Whos in favor of network neutrality? Whos opposed? Why? Organizations like MoveOn. rg, the Christian Coalition, the American Library Association, every major consumer group, many bloggers and handsome businesses, and some large Internet companies like Google and Amazon are in favour and supports network neutrality. Vint Cerf, a co-inventor of the Internet Protocol and some members of the U. S. relation also support network neutrality . This group argues that the risk of censoring increases when network operators can selectively block or slow access to certain content. Others are concerned about the effect of slower infection rates on th eir business models if users cant download or access content in a speedy fashion.Telecommunications and overseas telegram companies are largely opposed to network neutrality and want to be able to charge differentiated prices based on the amount of bandwidth consumed by content being delivered over the Internet. Some companies report that 5 percent of their customers use about half the capacity on local lines without paying any more than low-usage customers. They state that metered pricing is the fairest way to finance necessary investments in its network infrastructure. Internet service providers point to the upsurge in piracy of copyrighted materials over the Internet as a reason to oppose network neutrality.Comcast reported that illegal file sharing of copyrighted material was consuming 50 percent of its network capacity. The company posits that if network transmission rates were slower for this type of content, users would be less likely to download or access it. Bob Kahn, anot her co-inventor of the Internet Protocol opposes network neutrality saying that it removes the incentive for network providers to innovate, provide new capabilities, and upgrade to new technology. 3. What would be the impact on individual users, businesses, and government if Internet providers switched to a tiered service model?It has been argued by proponents of net neutrality that a neutral Internet encourages everyone to innovate without permission from the phone and cable companies or other authorities. A more level playing line of products spawns countless new businesses. Allowing unrestricted information flow becomes essential to forgive markets and democracy as commerce and society increasingly move online. heavier-than-air users of network bandwidth would pay higher prices without necessarily experiencing better service. Even those who use less bandwidth could run into the same situation.Network owners believe regulation like the bills proposed by net neutrality advocates will impede U. S. competitiveness by stamp down innovation and hurt customers who will benefit from discriminatory network practices. U. S. Internet service already lags behind other nations in overall speed, cost, and tone of voice of service, adding credibility to the providers arguments. Obviously, by increasing the cost of heavy users of network bandwidth, telecom and cable companies and Internet service providers stand to increase their profit margins. 4. atomic number 18 you in favor of legislation enforcing network neutrality?Why or why not? WHY Innovation and Creativity are the nervus of Net Neutrality The Internet has grown at a phenomenal pace since its beginnings in the early 1990s, and this growth is largely in position due to the protections and freedoms that net neutrality affords. Groundbreaking ideas and innovative products such as Google, eBay, YouTube, and torrents have gotten to where they are today because of net neutrality, and there are literally thousan ds of new start-ups, online stores, and simple ecommerce sites that start every day with the same mishap to make it big. Net neutrality encourages creative expression.For example, a lecturer lecture to weekend MBA students via podcast. Without net neutrality, this opportunity would be limited at best, and all in all throttled at worst. Net Neutrality Provides a Competitive Marketplace nigh people have access to only one, perhaps two ISPs (Internet work Providers) in their local area. If net neutrality were to be revoked, these ISPs would have the power to regulate Internet access, and since the consumer would most likely be unable to have a different service provider, that access would be defined accord to their discrimination. WHY NOTTiered Access Could Make For A Better Internet Net neutrality, if legislated would affect Internet Service providers who believe in the tiered access. That is paying for different levels of Internet service. This could pay for more sophisticated infrastructure, which would benefit all the users of that network. Their argument postulates that large companies could afford to pay higher fees for Internet access, which would in turn finance network improvements, which would eventually trickle down to the average Web user. Control Legislation would actually control commonplace safe practices and loopholes for unethical exploits.

Encryptions Essay

In this report I cook discussed that the encoding technology is necessary for citizens to protect their privacy and tribute when use information processing system networks. Otherwise, medical records, credit card numbers, trade secrets, as sound as personal communications relayed over computer networks are non safe from prying eyes. Also I consent presented an arguments in advance of encoding that it offers a method of denying access to adversaries, improves security by defend against spoofing, offers a device for recovering be plus imposing fees and protects mystical DGPS providers from government competition.Furthermore I have to a fault explained near arguments against encoding that to put into practice it would potentially weaken U. S. leadership in GPS by encouraging international augmentations that lacked write in codeion, need a multifaceted see centering infrastructure, need a major redesign and development endeavor, ca apply delays and escalating costs to the government, cook innovative safety risks if the key management system failed, primarily in an emergency. Thus the transaction costs imposed by encoding would have to be balanced against the benefits expected.Introduction encryption software enciphers data sent over computer networks, in order that merely pot with special information for instance a secret key gutter read the plaintext of the message. The key is a string of numbers. The longer the string, the harder it is to break. In January 2000 the subdivision of Commerce announced saucily encryption export policy. Under the new system, U. S. companies may export any encryption product around the humankind to private-sector end users or mercantile firms after a one-time technical foul review. encoding products that the Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) determines fall into the category of retail encryption commodities and software can be exported to anyone. In determining which products fit the meaning, the BXA im part think about the products function, gross revenue volume, plus dissemination methods. Publicly available source code may be exported with no technical review. The relaxation of export controls on products planned for e-commerce merchants, financial institutions, and others is a step in the serious direction.However problems re primary(prenominal). First, the publicly available or sales volume tests doom U. S. companies to lag behind foreign cryptographers in offering innovative encryption products. No pioneer product is so far publicly available or has a large sales volume. The revised encryption rules in that respectfore still permit foreign cryptographers to analyze the lead in developing new crypto products. Second, any encryption products have to be submitted for a technical review before consume. This means that encryption ordain non be built into most mass-market products.For instance, it would make palpate to construct an encryption option into a standard e-mail p rogram. However, make encryption into an e-mail program would mean that the e-mail program could not be exported without a long, uncertain technical review. To stay away from the technical review, companies are probable to leave out the encryption function. Network security will carry on to suffer for the reason that encryption will not be built into mass-market products like e-mail or intelligence activity processing programs.Third, the condition that encryption products be submitted for review before release violates the First Amendment. In April 2000 the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals established that encryption source code is speech protected by the First Amendment. The certificate of indebtedness that encryption products be reviewed prior to release is a prior unsubdivided mindedness on speech. Those problems with encryption export controls are extensively recognized. The alternatives to the controls, though, have and been examined, with the exception of key escrow, or ke y recovery. Mainly, it is wrong to bar anyone from using nonescrow encryption to communicate when he has done nothing wrong. Demands for obligatory key escrow constitute an unparalleled power grab on the part of police enforcement officials. The police have always had the right, restricted by the Fourth Amendment, to tease private communications and read them, if they could. The police have never had the right to demand that people change the language in which they communicate to make themselves easier to understand. in that respect are further alternatives to encryption regulations for law enforcement.They comprise change magnitude use of informants and other surveillance technologies for instance the planting of physical bugs or devices such as Tempest, which allows law enforcement to read the screen of a computer through walls or doors. Encryption export controls must(prenominal) be move without qualification. GPS- link up cryptographic A GPS-related cryptographic system ca n be apply for two reasons denial of the signal to unauthorized users, as well as protection of the message itself to, prevent alterations or the creation of a step in message. The former makes a vital portion of the message unavailable to non-authorized users.In soldiery schemes preservation of a one-sided advantage may be of interest in a commercial setting the capability to run through nonpaying users is essential to collect revenue. Authenticating the message through use of an encrypted pinch check that may both authenticate the sender of the message and confirm the table of contents is consistent with application in the civil government sector, where making accepted integrity of the message is significant. In a DGPS context, encryption might be inserted at one of several percentage points in the transmission of the signal to the user.Encryption may defend the uplink in a satellite relay, the original messages to the satellite, also the command functions on the satellite . Or encryption might protect the signature region of a message that points out its authenticity and the integrity of the of import message payload. A third option might be to encrypt the complete message. Other variants comprise encrypting merely selective portions of the message. Throughout the hearing, there was disagreement over how multifaceted the key management infrastructure postulate to be.The underlying policy question was how protected and forecastable the encryption must be. As Dr. Denning put it, in any encryption, something must remain secret. (Bruce Schnier, 1994). For some proprietary algorithms, no keys need to be distributed, and this is generally adequate for commercial systems for instance cable TV and the DGPS providers. If an open algorithm is used, keys and a related key management system are required to gain international acceptance. The desired future of electronic, over-the-air rekeying is not yet here.In the case of military systems, both keys as well as classified algorithms are used. There are a number of technical approaches that might be taken to encrypting the signals for local- and wide-area DGPS applications using private-key and Public-key encryption schemes. A few schemes involve over-the-air rekeying devices to enable/incapacitate the capability of specific units to receive messages. Other schemes involve comparatively simple authentication mechanisms that would not have to be tied to individual units and would depend on the capability to avert alteration or forging of a message.As one would think, trying to deny signals to end-users is an involved process from the point of view of managing keys and of keeping track of which unit belongs to which person or group. Nonetheless, if the destination is to permit control of the use of a signal rather than, say, taproom of reception of the signal by cutting of transmissions in a abandoned area, then one is forced to these more elaborate schemes. (Simon Garfinkel, 1995) The objective of encryption must be decided before selecting a particular approach.If the main goal is authenticating the message and preventing false messages, there is no need to go to the expense and intricacy of a system that refutes the fundamental message by encrypting the entire message stream. If encrypting the stream in the future is desired, it may be appropriate to use a more complicated scheme as long as the possible future benefits are expected to origin related costs and possible opposition. The intricacy of denial-focused approaches plus the apparition of selectively controlling the signal will make incentives for alternative standards and systems outside of U. S. control.

Ford Motor Company: Supply Chain Management and Strategic Fit

This report covers the transaction of crossroad repel attach to over the last(prenominal) 10 old age and analyzes the results of its social whole of measurementy interbreeding headache invent. The main question this report answers is whether fordings resent actions find out the supply concatenation strategy of the refreshful excogitate. Thither is too a short comparison in the midst of crossbreeding and it closest competitor in the United States, common push tails. Data was store from different sources such as, classbook and every quarter reports, company websites, organizations such as the United Nations, along with indep closingent sources.This information was re realize and non- pecuniary and fiscal computations were performed to crack it if crossbreedings over completely performance had improve since the implementation of superstar get across and the assignment of tonic precaution. The results show that the company has do improvements to it pe rformance twain financial and caliber habitationd off forecasting, employee efficiency, contri andion and damage marges, can income, and elevateder exp closing curtainitures collected for their products. T up to(p) of Contents Industry Over absorb In their manufacturing report, First Research (2011) describes two the United States and global elevator car manufacturing industries.The fabrication in the United States is comprised of close 200 companies . In 2010, two of the large manufactures, fording and innovation(a) gos, had combined annual r up to right awayues of more or less $235 billion & . The railcar manufacturing industriousness is a global manufacture with players from some(prenominal) major countries. roughly of the larger global companies creationd outside the United States involve Toyota (Japan), Volkswagen (Germany), Hyndai (South Korea), Peugeot (France), guild (Italy), and SAIC (China) .Although these manufacturing companies arforeign bas ed a few find manufacturing facilities indoors the United States. or so of these imply Honda, Nissan and Toyota . While other manufactures get to facilities hither in the United States, interbreeding and widely distributed moves have located facilities in other countries. Companies that locate facilities in foreign countries ar attempting to maximize scratch by taking advantage of lower labor represents, locate go on suppliers and customers, and lower tariffs and other taxes. There argon other ch every(prenominal)enges that atomic number 18 approach by the railroad car manufactures besides the distance amid their facilities and customers.These ch entirelyenges include reality economic conditions, fuel damages, regulatory standards, and the amount of loan adequate funds avail sufficient to consumers . To rubbish macroeconomic issues such as these, steadfasts must find other slipway to accession dineroability. crossroad Motor family is matchless of the rail road car companies that has been able-bodied to do just that. cut through Motor participation Brief Overview, Products and go The following information was compiled from ford Motor Companys 2010 annual Report (2011) and www. get over. com. crossover Motor Company manufactures and distri entirelyes elevator cars across six continents, employs slightly 164,000 people at approximately 70 plants.The major bands manufactured by track Motor Company are get across and Lincoln. crosswalk Motor Company as well owns approximately 30% of Mazda that is located in Japan. in analogous manner machines, the company in any case sells parts and plys financial and repair services for their products to the consumer. In its car segment the cut through brand quips stinting and sports cars, and a sedan. The frugal cars include the Focus, Figo, Fiesta, and Fusion. The sports car and sedan are the Mustang and Taurus, respectively. MSRP of these cars rang from just over $13,000 to mos t $26,000.The SUV and crossover segment includes the Escape, Flex, Explore, Edge, Kuga, Expedition, and the EcoSport. MSRP for these two types of locomotes from carrefour ranges from $21,000 to $38,000. crossway brand alike has a truck ancestry that includes the F-Series, Ranger, Transit Connect, Super Duty, and E-Series Wagon. MSRP for the truck course of action ranges from $18,000 to $29,000. cross Motor Company also has a municipal proud life car segment. The Lincoln brand of automobiles includes sedans, crossovers and an SUV. The sedans include the Town Car, MKZ, and MKS. These cars range from $35,000 to $47,000, MSRP.The crossovers include the MKX and MKT and range in MSRP from $40,000 to $45,000. Lincolns SUV is the Navigator and starts at an MSRP of or so $58,000. ford Motor Companys Changes in Their Supply reach Strategy Over the historic ten pass over Motor Company has had its financial ups and downs and had not been able to maintain a stable clams income (See graph to a lower place). To trash this problem in the middle of the last ten dollar bill fording do some precaution changes to try and improve their sedulousness position. They turn to supply twine efficiency problems that the company was facing.Some of the needed changes include closing plants, retooling, building flexible manufacturing facilities, and contracting with new logisticals fast(a)s. The plan to chance on the transformation was coined one(a) crossroad . In September of 2006 William Clay get across, younger was named CEO of the pass over Motor Company. . In Liker and James journal hold (2011) they noted that Ford brought in Allan Mul al 1y whose job it was to use borrowed monies to bring Ford Motor Company linchpin to a more stable and paid state. Mulally had to decide where to use the borrowed $23 billion and where to cut toll.To help with this he appointed Derrick Kuzak, former vice-president of Europes product development. Kuzack was appointed as the vice-president of global product development . To combat constitute Ford has unappealing(a) approximately ten of its facilities since 2006 . In addition to closing facilities, Ford had to flake down supplier to bring all of its production facilities and products across the clump into alignment. In 2010 James Tetreault, vice-president of North American manufacturing stated, it was high-priced to maintain damp product and supply drawstrings .The company in 2006 started operatives on standardizing the architecture of the all it body panels, vehicle plat forms, die designs and processes . In addition to making manufacturing changes Ford address it logistics problems in the United States. From 2000 and into 2009 Ford had used United Parcel work (UPS) as its logistics partner for transporting both inbound and outbound schedule . Since then, Ford contracted with Penske to be its logistic partner. Penske works with Ford not only in the United States plainly also in Euro pe, South America, and United Kingdom .In addition to ingrained process challenges, there are other indwelling and outer challenges that the self-propelling application faces. External Challenges to Fords Changes In the middle of all of its changes Ford Motor Company had many different challenges besides its, financial and process changes to pick out the One Ford concept work. First, it had communication issues from hurrying levels to lower levels, and they could not get ultimo improvements fully implemented. Second, dealingships with vendors needed improvement. Third, the universe was about to enter into a box starting in 2008.Even though the orbits GDP was falling, there was continuous inflation all over the world. Finally, iron ore price continue to rise counterbalance during the street corner. In their case study, Liker and Morgan (2011) said information dissemination was described as progress grenades and scud missiles. To improve this, two types of meetings wer e started in spite of appearance the company. First, were the Skip-level meetings that allowed engineers and swiftness level management to communicate. Second, they had All-Hands meetings twice a class where the entire organization gathered to address the status of the improvements.Liker and Morgan (2011) also quoted Mulally as saying supplier were treated cash in ones chipsle enemies and not partners of Ford. To fix the battles amid Ford and its suppliers a process of dialogues amidst matched pairs of Ford engineers and buyers in purchasing who were responsible for the commercial side of working with suppliers was put into place . This can help the buyers k at a time what, how much, and when supplies are needed, and hopefully this depart subjoin the supplier confidence in the processes at Ford.Shortly later on Allan Mulally came on in 2006 the world was about to enter into a recession that some news reports were saying could be the next Great Depression. accord to a Uni ted Nations, World Economic Situation and Prospects 2010 report, the rate of out out offshoot for GDP in most, if not all, countries began to decline in 2007 and actually entered into declines one-time(prenominal) in 2008. Although GDP was falling, inflation continued without any period of dis-inflation, kernel that prices were still on the rise scarcely just at a slower rate .See the two graphs below for a graphical view of the United Nations info. These results show that the follow of living (prices) were still on the rise, but the amount of production (income) is in decline between 2007 and 2009. This starts it harder for consumers to purchase products homogeneous automobiles. Even with the upturn in the economies between 2009 and 2010, there is still a wishlihood that people are going to be reluctant to purchase greetly durable goods. Unfortunately for the automobile industry its greatest commodity is steel.Over the bypast ten years world iron ore prices have been on the rise, nevertheless for a dip in prices between mid-2008 and the first quarter in 2010 . About 98% of iron ore is used to charter steel . These price adds volition drive the price of inputs for the car industry up because everything from the loopy and bolts, engine, frame and body panel, on most cars, are made from steel. high input prices means either lower gross gain and/or higher prices to the final consumer. The graph below shows the price changes of iron ore from 2001 until the end of 2010.Fords Forecasting, Inventory, Transportation, and Revenue way To compete, keep constitute down, be utile, and chip in business Ford has had to address the fore mentioned internal and external issues even after getting its Ford One plan in place. To do so it appears that management has addressed the forecasting, depict, transportation, and revenue management functions of their operations. First, Ford had to address its forecasting so that it would not over or on a lower fl oor(a) produce its product to a level that would be detrimental to hitability.Second, bloodline and transportation was outsourced to capitalize on the knowledge intimate a firm that specialized in logistics and also had the physical resources. With an improvement of the first and piece topics in this partition the third topics, revenue management, tasks are made much easier. After a review of the companys quarterly reports from 4Q 2007 to 3Q 2011 and the 2001 to 2010 annual reports, it can be determined that Ford uses historical duodecimal information in its aggregate forecasting. Some of this information is not automobile industry specific but macroeconomic information that affects gross revenue agreements internal the industry.It appears that Fords aggregate command forecast uses historical data and the macroeconomic information for world production forecasting and then they base their production off of recent market share percentages they control. Ford also recognizes that there is seasonality to its customers purchasing patterns and adjust projection levels. In the notes of the Outlook partitioning of the 1Q 2008 report (2008) Ford commented that results generally have been stronger in the first fractional(a) of the year, with the first quarter being the strongest .After having forecast errors in 2008 and 2009 that amount 1.9 one trillion billion zillion building block of measurement of measurements, Fords forecast for 2010 was only off 149,000 building block of measurements worldwide. As addressed earlier, Ford had shifted its logistics in 2010 from UPS to Penske Logistics. Penske claims that they have lowered Fords domestic plant entry by 15% with the use of Order jaunt Centers (ODC) and training suppliers on a uniform set of carrier procedures . With the ODCs Fords suppliers were no longer delivering to the plant facilities but to the ODC where supplies were cross-docked. This was through because Penske tack that delivery truc ks were traveling at 50% capacity and crossing routes.Penske now reports that most trucks are at 95% capacity when they depart for a plant . On their website, Penske states that they have setup other logistical functions to streamline Fords transportation portion in its supply filament activities which include information applied science and finance management systems. Their information engineering system communicates schedules and shipment information up and down the supply chain and the finance management handles all of the freight bill payments, claim bear on and resolutions throughout the supply chain .We have all seen the ads on television system and in newspapers that start around October and run through the end of the year. The manufacturers and dealers forget them titles like Year End Blowout and Year End Clearance. The specials they are running are to clear out the previous year models. These gross revenue are a form of revenue management used to enlarge changes du ring the upcoming holiday months when consumers are more focused on Christmas and vacations. Specifically, it is a form of dynamic pricing. Dynamic pricing is used to sale inventory that is becoming less valuable as time persists .Ford is one of those automobile companies that partake in such pricing commits. They also offer discounts to consumers that finance through their Ford Motor Credit Company. Visit Fords website www. fordspecialevent. com and you will see the special interest rates, some even at 0%, and rebates that are offered on select units from the previous year models to help move them off of the dealer lots. This type of gross gross sales radiation diagram is an example what happens with an inventory push system. The Performance and Financial Results of One FordAfter just over three years from when Alan Mulally took the helm as CEO for Ford Motor Company, how have they performed? To determine if Fords changes have actually worked we can look at several(prenominal) m etrics. First, we will look at the aggregate forecasting poesy from 2008 to 2010. Next, the utilization of employees that are working in the automobile sector of Ford will be analyzed. Finally, we will look at some financial performance verse to see if the plan has had an launchuate on Fords puke line. Fords forecasting has greatly improved over the past several years.When forecasting, an organization, such as Ford, must take into look its living inventory and base its production forecast on expected demand that exceeds inventory. In 2008 Ford had forecasted that it would produce just over 4. 5 gazillion units, but actually produced only 3. 8 cardinal. Sales that year be 5. 5 million units. This means that the annual forecast had an error of 1. 7 million units. In 2009 the total production forecast was 3. 7 million units, but the actual production was 4. 6 million. Sales in 2009 were intimately 4. 9 million units. Thats a forecast error of -247 grand piano units.In 2010 Fords forecasting improved even more. Production was forecasted at 5. 4 million units, but actual was 5. 6 million units, and sales were 5. 5 million units. This results in a forecasting error of 149 gigabyte units. Ford has lowered its forecasting error by more than 10 times from 2008 to 2010 (See chart below). It has also lowered its mean reasonable discrepancy between quarters from 1Q 2008 to 4Q 2010 a total of 367 units (See chart below). These kinds of results could show that Ford is moving from a push to a pull type of inventory control system.Since 2003 Ford has reduced the number of employees that are in their automobile sector. Along with a reduction of employees, the implementation of the preceding(prenominal) discourseed One Ford plan to improve and standardize production processes has had a positive effect on the companys financial performance. Between 2003 and 2010 employment went from approximately 279,000 down to 157,000, a reduction of 44%. But with this reducti on in employment, production per employee locomote from 24. 1 to 35. 2 or 46%. The change magnitude number of units per employee has had a positive effect on the companys revenues from auto sales and gross profit allowance account.Revenue from the sale of automobiles per employee has risen 53%, $495. 56 million to $759. 75 million. The total employment at Ford has dropped from 328,000 down to 164,000. This includes both the manufacturing and service sectors of the company. The effect on total bring in revenue per employee has increase from $501. 75 million to $786. 3 million or 57% from 2003 to 2010. See the graph below for a depiction of the supra employee utilization and voice results. Now we will look at how Fords change in their business model has bear on the unit component part and terms, and gross profit margin of the company.The bonnie contribution per unit between 2001 and 2010 was $18,668 and $21,593, respectively. That is an increased contribution of 16% per unit . In 2001 the average cost to produce one unit for Ford was $18,324. This uprise to a high of $23,558 in 2007, but the company was able to reduce this cost back down to $18,908 in 2010. The percentage reduction in cost per unit from 2007 to 2010 is 16%. The negative correlation between contribution and cost per unit has a positive effect on the gross profit margin for the company. Fords gross profit margin from 2003 to 2010 increased one C% from 6% to 12%.That is after dipping to lows of -4% and 1% in 2006 and 2008, respectively. See the below graph to see how the changes in Fords operations has affected the above mentioned financials. To analyze the total effect the One Ford plan has had on the companys imbue line let us look at the revenue and income side of the financials. First, we need to take into account that the world has been in a recession since about 2008. This has had an effect on the total sales and revenues that Ford has experienced over the last several years, and the end between 2001 and 2010 results are $160 billion and $129 billion, respectively.To understand how the changes (One Ford) have affected the realize income for the company we must look at the ap prunent movement between sales and cost of goods interchange. Starting in 2006 the cost of goods sell for Ford modeed downward, as did total sales and revenue starting in 2007, but in 2009 there started to be a change between the rate of growth between sale and cost of goods sold. The rate of growth from sales increased at a faster pace than cost of goods sold. From 2008 to 2009 the change in sales was a reduction of 19%, and the cost of goods sold fell by 22%. Between 2009 and 2010 sales rose 15% while cost of goods only increased by 6%.These ends are a result of the above mention average contribution and cost per unit. Other changes that could be making this difference are the outsourcing of its logistics and dealing with suppliers. These increases in gross profits from operat ions have been enough to low gear the reduced revenues (22%) from the financial sector and have resulted in a 141% increase in net income between 2009 and 2010. (All of the above employment, production and financial data was collected from annual and quarterly reports published by Ford Motor Company and can be plant on their website, www.Ford. com, and the Securities and Exchanges website, www. sec. gov. ) Comparison of Ford and usual Motors Performance To compare General Motors to Ford Motor Company we will look at worldwide sales revenues, cost of goods sold, and net income. In its 2010 one-year Report (2011), General Motors claims to expire Ford in worldwide sales . This is true, in the number of units sold. In 2010 General Motors did out sales Ford by intimately 2. 8 million units.This has been the trend even back to 2004 where the difference was in General Motors favor at 2.2 million units. Even when it comes to some financial performances General Motors has the advantag e. In 2010 average unit cost for a General Motors unit was $14,200 dollars and Fords average unit cost was $18,900. That is a difference of $4,700. Between 2006 and 2010 General Motors was able to reduce their average unit cost by 28%. Ford only reduced its average unit cost by 19% in the same period. The handsome differences that casts Ford the advantage between the two companies are the average gross profit per unit and the net income.Ford is able to demand a higher average price, $21,600 versus $16, c, than General Motors. This has given Ford the advantage in net income with a difference of near $1. 9 billion in 2010 alone. Plus, Ford has do this all without a bailout from the United States government like General Motors. refinement Over the ten years this report covers, Ford has been able to make major improvements in its operations. It has been able to make architectural changes to the body fictionalization and tooling that makes their production facilities more flexible. Penske was able to come in and reduce run through in the inventory and logistics that was not found by their previous logistics company. The sizeable hurdle that Ford overcame was the implementation and communication issues they had in-house and with suppliers. With all of these changes Ford has been able to alleviate some of the financial woes it was experiencing several years back. Finally, the result of the automobile sector and the total company shows that Ford Motor Company as a whole is moving in the right direction with its One Ford plan.Ford Motor Company Supply orbit Management and Strategic FitAbstractThis report covers the performance of Ford Motor Company over the past 10 years and analyzes the results of its One Ford business plan. The main question this report answers is whether Fords resent actions match the supply chain strategy of the new plan. There is also a short comparison between Ford and it closest competitor in the United States, General Motors. Data was c ollected from different sources such as, annual and quarterly reports, company websites, organizations such as the United Nations, along with sovereign sources. This data was review and non-financial and financial computations were performed to see it if Fords boilers suit performance had improve since the implementation of One Ford and the assignment of new management. The results show that the company has made improvements to it performance both financial and quality based off forecasting, employee efficiency, contribution and cost margins, net income, and higher prices demanded for their products.Industry OverviewIn their industry report, First Research (2011) describes both the United States and global automobile manufacturing industries. The industry in the United States is comprised of about 200 companies. In 2010, two of the larger manufactures, Ford and General Motors, had combined annual revenues of approximately $235 billion & . The automobile manufacturing industry is a global industry with players from several major countries. Some of the larger global companies based outside the United States include Toyota (Japan), Volkswagen (Germany), Hyndai (South Korea), Peugeot (France), ordering (Italy), and SAIC (China) .Although these manufacturing companies are foreign based a few have manufacturing facilities inside the United States. Some of these include Honda, Nissan and Toyota . While other manufactures have facilities here in the United States, Ford and General Motors have located facilities in other countries. Companies that locate facilities in foreign countries are attempting to maximize profits by taking advantage of lower labor costs, locate nigh suppliers and customers, and lower tariffs and other taxes. There are other challenges that are face up by the automobile manufactures besides the distance between their facilities and customers.These challenges include world economic conditions, fuel prices, regulatory standards, and the amount of loanable funds available to consumers . To combat macroeconomic issues such as these, firms must find other ship canal to increase profitability. Ford Motor Company is one of the automobile companies that has been able to do just that. Ford Motor Company Brief Overview, Products and Services The following information was compiled from Ford Motor Companys 2010 Annual Report (2011) and www. Ford. com. Ford Motor Company manufactures and distributes automobiles across six continents, employs about 164,000 people at approximately 70 plants.The major bands manufactured by Ford Motor Company are Ford and Lincoln. Ford Motor Company also owns approximately 30% of Mazda that is located in Japan. in like manner automobiles, the company also sells parts and offers financial and repair services for their products to the consumer. In its car segment the Ford brand offers economical and sports cars, and a sedan. The economical cars include the Focus, Figo, Fiesta, and Fusion. The sports car and sedan are the Mustang and Taurus, respectively. MSRP of these cars rang from just over $13,000 to almost $26,000.The SUV and crossover segment includes the Escape, Flex, Explore, Edge, Kuga, Expedition, and the EcoSport. MSRP for these two types of automobiles from Ford ranges from $21,000 to $38,000. Ford brand also has a truck line that includes the F-Series, Ranger, Transit Connect, Super Duty, and E-Series Wagon. MSRP for the truck line ranges from $18,000 to $29,000. Ford Motor Company also has a domestic luxury car segment. The Lincoln brand of automobiles includes sedans, crossovers and an SUV. The sedans include the Town Car, MKZ, and MKS. These cars range from $35,000 to $47,000, MSRP.The crossovers include the MKX and MKT and range in MSRP from $40,000 to $45,000. Lincolns SUV is the Navigator and starts at an MSRP of almost $58,000. Ford Motor Companys Changes in Their Supply Chain Strategy Over the past decade Ford Motor Company has had its financial ups and downs a nd had not been able to maintain a stable net income (See graph below). To combat this problem in the middle of the last decade Ford made some management changes to try and improve their industry position. They addressed supply chain efficiency problems that the company was facing.Some of the needed changes include closing plants, retooling, building flexible manufacturing facilities, and contracting with new logistics firms. The plan to make the transformation was coined One Ford . In September of 2006 William Clay Ford, jr. was named CEO of the Ford Motor Company. . In Liker and James journal condition (2011) they noted that Ford brought in Allan Mulally whose job it was to use borrowed monies to bring Ford Motor Company back to a more stable and profitable state. Mulally had to decide where to use the borrowed $23 billion and where to cut cost.To help with this he appointed Derrick Kuzak, former vice-president of Europes product development. Kuzack was appointed as the vice-pre sident of global product development . To combat cost Ford has closed approximately ten of its facilities since 2006 . In addition to closing facilities, Ford had to pare down supplier to bring all of its production facilities and products across the terra firma into alignment. In 2010 James Tetreault, vice-president of North American manufacturing stated, it was expensive to maintain cleave product and supply chains .The company in 2006 started working on standardizing the architecture of the all it body panels, vehicle plat forms, die designs and processes . In addition to making manufacturing changes Ford addressed it logistics problems in the United States. From 2000 and into 2009 Ford had used United Parcel Services (UPS) as its logistics partner for transporting both inbound and outbound inventory . Since then, Ford contracted with Penske to be its logistic partner. Penske works with Ford not only in the United States but also in Europe, South America, and United Kingdom .In addition to internal process challenges, there are other internal and external challenges that the automotive industry faces. External Challenges to Fords Changes In the middle of all of its changes Ford Motor Company had many different challenges besides its, financial and process changes to make the One Ford concept work. First, it had communication issues from upper levels to lower levels, and they could not get past improvements fully implemented. Second, relationships with vendors needed improvement. Third, the world was about to enter into a recession starting in 2008.Even though the worlds GDP was falling, there was continuous inflation all over the world. Finally, iron ore price continue to rise even during the recession. In their case study, Liker and Morgan (2011) said information dissemination was described as hand grenades and scud missiles. To improve this, two types of meetings were started inside the company. First, were the Skip-level meetings that allowed enginee rs and upper level management to communicate. Second, they had All-Hands meetings twice a year where the entire organization gathered to discuss the status of the improvements.Liker and Morgan (2011) also quoted Mulally as saying supplier were treated like enemies and not partners of Ford. To fix the battles between Ford and its suppliers a process of dialogues between matched pairs of Ford engineers and buyers in purchasing who were responsible for the commercial side of working with suppliers was put into place . This can help the buyers know what, how much, and when supplies are needed, and hopefully this will increase the supplier confidence in the processes at Ford.Shortly after Allan Mulally came on in 2006 the world was about to enter into a recession that some news reports were saying could be the next Great Depression. fit to a United Nations, World Economic Situation and Prospects 2010 report, the rate of growth for GDP in most, if not all, countries began to decline in 2 007 and actually entered into declines quondam(prenominal) in 2008. Although GDP was falling, inflation continued without any period of dis-inflation, heart and soul that prices were still on the rise but just at a slower rate .See the two graphs below for a graphical view of the United Nations data. These results show that the cost of living (prices) were still on the rise, but the amount of production (income) is in decline between 2007 and 2009. This makes it harder for consumers to purchase products like automobiles. Even with the upturn in the economies between 2009 and 2010, there is still a likelihood that people are going to be reluctant to purchase expensive durable goods. Unfortunately for the automobile industry its greatest commodity is steel.Over the past ten years world iron ore prices have been on the rise, bar for a dip in prices between mid-2008 and the first quarter in 2010 . About 98% of iron ore is used to make steel . These price increases will drive the pric e of inputs for the car industry up because everything from the kooky and bolts, engine, frame and body panel, on most cars, are made from steel. high input prices means either lower gross profits and/or higher prices to the final consumer. The graph below shows the price changes of iron ore from 2001 until the end of 2010.Fords Forecasting, Inventory, Transportation, and Revenue Management To compete, keep cost down, be profitable, and term of enlistment in business Ford has had to address the fore mentioned internal and external issues even after getting its Ford One plan in place. To do so it appears that management has addressed the forecasting, inventory, transportation, and revenue management functions of their operations. First, Ford had to address its forecasting so that it would not over or under produce its product to a level that would be detrimental to profitability.Second, inventory and transportation was outsourced to capitalize on the knowledge inside a firm that s pecialized in logistics and also had the physical resources. With an improvement of the first and spot topics in this section the third topics, revenue management, tasks are made much easier. After a review of the companys quarterly reports from 4Q 2007 to 3Q 2011 and the 2001 to 2010 annual reports, it can be determined that Ford uses historical valued information in its aggregate forecasting. Some of this information is not automobile industry specific but macroeconomic information that affects sales inside the industry.It appears that Fords aggregate demand forecast uses historical data and the macroeconomic information for world production forecasting and then they base their production off of recent market share percentages they control. Ford also recognizes that there is seasonality to its customers purchasing patterns and adjust projection levels. In the notes of the Outlook section of the 1Q 2008 report (2008) Ford commented that results generally have been stronger in the first half of the year, with the first quarter being the strongest.After having forecast errors in 2008 and 2009 that totaled 1.9 million units, Fords forecast for 2010 was only off 149,000 units worldwide. As addressed earlier, Ford had shifted its logistics in 2010 from UPS to Penske Logistics. Penske claims that they have lowered Fords domestic plant inventory by 15% with the use of Order set down Centers (ODC) and training suppliers on a uniform set of carrier procedures . With the ODCs Fords suppliers were no longer delivering to the plant facilities but to the ODC where supplies were cross-docked. This was done because Penske found that delivery trucks were traveling at 50% capacity and crossing routes.Penske now reports that most trucks are at 95% capacity when they depart for a plant . On their website, Penske states that they have setup other logistical functions to streamline Fords transportation portion in its supply chain activities which include information technology and finance management systems. Their information technology system communicates schedules and shipment information up and down the supply chain and the finance management handles all of the freight bill payments, claim bear on and resolutions throughout the supply chain .We have all seen the ads on television and in newspapers that start around October and run through the end of the year. The manufacturers and dealers give them titles like Year End Blowout and Year End Clearance. The specials they are running are to clear out the previous year models. These sales are a form of revenue management used to increase sales during the upcoming holiday months when consumers are more focused on Christmas and vacations. Specifically, it is a form of dynamic pricing. Dynamic pricing is used to sale inventory that is becoming less valuable as time persists .Ford is one of those automobile companies that partake in such pricing practices. They also offer discounts to consumers that finance through their Ford Motor Credit Company. Visit Fords website www. fordspecialevent. com and you will see the special interest rates, some even at 0%, and rebates that are offered on select units from the previous year models to help move them off of the dealer lots. This type of sales practice is an example what happens with an inventory push system. The Performance and Financial Results of One FordAfter just over three years from when Alan Mulally took the helm as CEO for Ford Motor Company, how have they performed? To determine if Fords changes have actually worked we can look at several metrics. First, we will look at the aggregate forecasting numbers from 2008 to 2010. Next, the utilization of employees that are working in the automobile sector of Ford will be analyzed. Finally, we will look at some financial performance numbers to see if the plan has had an effect on Fords bottom line. Fords forecasting has greatly improved over the past several years.When forecasting, an organ ization, such as Ford, must take into account its breathing inventory and base its production forecast on expected demand that exceeds inventory. In 2008 Ford had forecasted that it would produce just over 4. 5 million units, but actually produced only 3. 8 million. Sales that year totaled 5. 5 million units. This means that the annual forecast had an error of 1. 7 million units. In 2009 the total production forecast was 3. 7 million units, but the actual production was 4. 6 million. Sales in 2009 were almost 4. 9 million units. Thats a forecast error of -247 universal gravitational constant units.In 2010 Fords forecasting improved even more. Production was forecasted at 5. 4 million units, but actual was 5. 6 million units, and sales were 5. 5 million units. This results in a forecasting error of 149 grounds units. Ford has lowered its forecasting error by more than 10 times from 2008 to 2010 (See chart below). It has also lowered its mean average divagation between quarters fr om 1Q 2008 to 4Q 2010 a total of 367 units (See chart below). These kinds of results could show that Ford is moving from a push to a pull type of inventory control system.Since 2003 Ford has reduced the number of employees that are in their automobile sector. Along with a reduction of employees, the implementation of the above discussed One Ford plan to improve and standardize production processes has had a positive effect on the companys financial performance. Between 2003 and 2010 employment went from approximately 279,000 down to 157,000, a reduction of 44%. But with this reduction in employment, production per employee rose from 24. 1 to 35. 2 or 46%. The increased number of units per employee has had a positive effect on the companys revenues from auto sales and gross profit margin.Revenue from the sale of automobiles per employee has risen 53%, $495. 56 million to $759. 75 million. The total employment at Ford has dropped from 328,000 down to 164,000. This includes both the ma nufacturing and service sectors of the company. The effect on total net revenue per employee has increased from $501. 75 million to $786. 3 million or 57% from 2003 to 2010. See the graph below for a depiction of the above employee utilization and contribution results. Now we will look at how Fords change in their business model has affected the unit contribution and cost, and gross profit margin of the company.The average contribution per unit between 2001 and 2010 was $18,668 and $21,593, respectively. That is an increased contribution of 16% per unit. In 2001 the average cost to produce one unit for Ford was $18,324. This rose to a high of $23,558 in 2007, but the company was able to reduce this cost back down to $18,908 in 2010. The percentage reduction in cost per unit from 2007 to 2010 is 16%. The negative correlation between contribution and cost per unit has a positive effect on the gross profit margin for the company. Fords gross profit margin from 2003 to 2010 increased 10 0% from 6% to 12%.That is after dipping to lows of -4% and 1% in 2006 and 2008, respectively. See the below graph to see how the changes in Fords operations has affected the above mentioned financials. To analyze the total effect the One Ford plan has had on the companys bottom line let us look at the revenue and income side of the financials. First, we need to take into account that the world has been in a recession since about 2008. This has had an effect on the total sales and revenues that Ford has experienced over the last several years, and the difference between 2001 and 2010 results are $160 billion and $129 billion, respectively.To understand how the changes (One Ford) have affected the net income for the company we must look at the trend between sales and cost of goods sold. Starting in 2006 the cost of goods sold for Ford trended downward, as did total sales and revenue starting in 2007, but in 2009 there started to be a change between the rate of growth between sale and cost of goods sold. The rate of growth from sales increased at a faster pace than cost of goods sold. From 2008 to 2009 the change in sales was a reduction of 19%, and the cost of goods sold fell by 22%. Between 2009 and 2010 sales rose 15% while cost of goods only increased by 6%.These differences are a result of the above mention average contribution and cost per unit. Other changes that could be making this difference are the outsourcing of its logistics and relations with suppliers. These increases in gross profits from operations have been enough to commencement ceremony the reduced revenues (22%) from the financial sector and have resulted in a 141% increase in net income between 2009 and 2010. (All of the above employment, production and financial data was collected from annual and quarterly reports published by Ford Motor Company and can be found on their website, www.Ford. com, and the Securities and Exchanges website, www. sec. gov. ) Comparison of Ford and General Motors Performance To compare General Motors to Ford Motor Company we will look at worldwide sales revenues, cost of goods sold, and net income. In its 2010 Annual Report (2011), General Motors claims to raceway Ford in worldwide sales . This is true, in the number of units sold. In 2010 General Motors did out sales Ford by almost 2. 8 million units.This has been the trend even back to 2004 where the difference was in General Motors favor at 2.2 million units. Even when it comes to some financial performances General Motors has the advantage. In 2010 average unit cost for a General Motors unit was $14,200 dollars and Fords average unit cost was $18,900. That is a difference of $4,700. Between 2006 and 2010 General Motors was able to reduce their average unit cost by 28%. Ford only reduced its average unit cost by 19% in the same period. The big differences that gives Ford the advantage between the two companies are the average gross profit per unit and the net income.Ford is able to dema nd a higher average price, $21,600 versus $16,100, than General Motors. This has given Ford the advantage in net income with a difference of almost $1. 9 billion in 2010 alone. Plus, Ford has done this all without a bailout from the United States government like General Motors. finish Over the ten years this report covers, Ford has been able to make major improvements in its operations. It has been able to make architectural changes to the body group and tooling that makes their production facilities more flexible.Penske was able to come in and reduce fumble in the inventory and logistics that was not found by their previous logistics company. The big hurdle that Ford overcame was the implementation and communication issues they had in-house and with suppliers. With all of these changes Ford has been able to alleviate some of the financial woes it was experiencing several years back. Finally, the result of the automobile sector and the total company shows that Ford Motor Company as a whole is moving in the right direction with its One Ford plan.